Misclassification of smoking habits: An updated review of the literature

Table 4 For each factor, the significance of the differences in rates between the factor levels: Cut 1, univariate analyses

Rate		Body fluid	Assay method	Study type	Age group	Aware validated	Time published	Study quality	Pregnancy	Tobacco products	Sex	Location	Sex × location
M1	% of self-reported non-smokers whose cotinine implies current smoking	NS	NS	c1	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
M2	% of self-reported never smokers whose cotinine implies current smoking	NS	NS	NS	b	NS	NS	a	NS	d1	NS	b	d
M3	% of self-reported ex-smokers whose cotinine implies current smoking	a	b	d1	d	c	a	NS	d	a1	a	c	b
M4	% of self-reported current smokers whose cotinine implies non-smoking	NS	b	d1	d1	NS	d1	NS1	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
M5	% of true current smokers who report being non-smokers	NS	NS	b	NS	NS	d1	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	c1
M6	% of true current smokers who report being never smokers	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	b	NS	d1
M7	% of true current smokers who report being ex-smokers	NS	NS	d1	c	NS	b	NS	a	NS	NS	NS	NS
M8	% of self-reported current smokers (plus misclassified non-smokers) who report being non-smokers	NS	NS	NS	a	b	d1	a	NS	b	NS	NS	d1
M9	% of self-reported current smokers (plus misclassified non-smokers) who report being never smokers	a	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS1	NS	NS	NS	b	NS	d1
M10	% of self-reported current smokers (plus misclassified non-smokers) who report being ex-smokers	NS	NS	d1	c	NS	b	NS	b	NS	b	NS	NS
M11	% of true non-smokers who report being current smokers	b	NS	d1	d1	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	a	NS

^dP < 0.001.

^cP < 0.01.

^bP < 0.05.

^aP < 0.1.

NS (not significant): P ≥ 0.1.

¹For each rate (M1-M11) identify the variables that, in multivariate analysis, were independently statistically significantly (P < 0.01) associated with the misclassification rate. NS: Not significant.