Operative vs nonoperative treatment of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fracture: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Table 2 General information of eligible randomized controlled trials

Ref.	location	Cases	Sex ratio	Mean age	Follow-up time	Main outcome measures
		(O/N)	(M/F)	(O/N) (yr)	(O/N) (yr)
Parmar et al[6]	England	25/31	48/8	48.3/48.8	2.1/1.8	Pain level, site, pattern; walking problems; shoe wear; resuming pre-injury job; deformity; ankle and subtalar movement; foot function; complications
O’Farrell et al[27]	Ireland	12/12	20/4	33/38	1.3/1.2	Shoe wear; pain-free walking distance; resuming pre-injury job; restoration of BÖhler angle and Gissane angle; motion range of ankle, subtalar and calcaneocuboid
Chrintz et al[26]	Denmark	33/35	NR	NR	1.5/1.5	Radiography outcomes
Thordarson et al[7]	United States	15/11	21/5	35/36	1.4/1.2	Functional assessment scale; motion rage of subtalar and ankle; gait analysis; restoration of BÖhler angle; pain; daily activity; shoe wear; walking; exercise; work; complications
Buckley et al[8]	Canada	206/218	381/43	41/39	3.0/3.0	Complications; SF-36 scale; VAS; shoe wear; numbness
Ibrahim et al[9]	United Kingdom	15/11	21/5	61/58	15.2/14.8	AOFAS score; FFI score; calcaneal fracture score; restoration of BÖhler angle and calcaneal height; arthritic grading of the subtalar joint
Nouraei et al[16]	Iran	31/30	NR	46/52	3.0/3.0	Motion range of ankle and subtalar; X-ray findings; width of heel; pain in walking; shoe wear; swelling of foot and ankle; reflex systematic dystrophy
Agren et al[15]	Sweden	42/40	59/23	49/48	10 (8-12)1	VAS; SF-36 scale; AOFAS score; OM scale; complications

¹Mean follow-up time was 10 yr with range of 8-12 yr. NR: Not reported; O/N: Operative group/non-operative group; M/F: Male/female; SF-36: Short-form-36 health survey; VAS: Visual analogue scale; AOFAS: American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society; FFI: Foot function index; OM: Olerud-Molander.