Is Pilates an effective tool for the management of kinesiophobia in musculoskeletal disorders?

Table 1 Characteristics of randomized systematic review studies

Ref.	Sample	Sex	Age	Intervention & control groups	Kinesiophobia	Results	Score
Akodu et al[29], 2021	34 patients (45 initially) Nonspecific cervical spine pain (CSP) CSPSE: 17 PE: 14 DIE: 14	Men (42.3%) Women (57.7%)	CSPSE: 47.71 ± 10.02 PE: 47.43 ± 9.22 DIE: 44.93 ± 6.26 There was no pre-set age limit when selecting participants	CSPSE: Cervical spine stabilization exercises PE: Pilates exercises (mat) DIE: Dynamic isometric exercises (control group)	TSK 0, 4, 8 weeks	Significant improvement in TSK in CSPSE & PE No statistically significant differences in PE and DIE, CSPSE at the end of the intervention	8/12
Cruz-Díaz et al[16], 2018	62 patients (64 original) Nonspecific low back pain (LBP) PG: 32 CG: 32	Men (33.9%) Women (66.1%)	18-50 PG: 37.90 ± 8.2 CG: 35.60 ± 6.7	PG: Pilates (ground-mat) CG: Booklet	TSK 0, 6, 12 weeks	Significant improvement in TSK in the PG, compared that CG Significant improvement in TSK in PG at the end of the intervention	8/12
Cruz-Díaz et al[30], 2017	98 patients (132 initially) Nonspecific low back pain PMG: 34 PEG: 34 CG: 34	Men (35.8%) Women (64.2%)	18-50 PMG: 36.94 ± 12.46 PEG: 35.50 ± 11.98 CG: 36.32 ± 10.67	PMG: Pilates mat PEG: Pilates equipment CG: No intervention	TSK 0, 6, 12 weeks	Significant improvement in TSK after the intervention in PMG and PEG, but without significant differences between the three groups at the end of the intervention	9/12
da Luz et al[31], 2014	86 Nonspecific low back pain PMG: 43 PEG: 43	Men (23.2%) Women (76.8%)	18-60 PMG: 43.5 ± 8.6 PEG: 38.8 ± 9.9	PMG: Pilates mat PEG: Pilates equipment	TSK 0, 6 weeks, 6 months	No statistically significant differences in TSK within and between groups at the end of the intervention; significant improvement in TSK 6 months follow-up in Pilates with equipment group (PEG) in relation to Pilates mat group (PMG)	8/12
Miyamoto et al[32], 2013	86 patients Nonspecific low back pain PG: 43 CG: 43	Men (18.6%) Women (81.4%)	18-60 PG: 40.7 ± 11.8 CG: 38.3 ± 11.4	PG: Pilates mat CG: Booklet	TSK 0, 6 weeks, 6 months	No improvement in both groups	8/12

TSK: Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia.