Evidence relating cigarettes, cigars and pipes to cardiovascular disease and stroke: Meta-analysis of recent data from three regions

Table 8 Comparison of meta-analysis relative risks for stroke in this study and in other publications

Ref.	Region	What is smoked	Comparison groupa	RR (95%CI) males	RR (95%CI) females	RR (95%CI) any
Woodward et al[17], 2005	Asia-Pacific	Cigarettes	Non	1.29 (1.20-1.38)	1.42 (1.26-1.62)	1.32 (1.24-1.40)
Nakamura et al[16], 2009	Asia	Undefined	Never			1.34 (1.12-1.48)
Peters et al[22], 2013	Any	Cigarettes	Non	1.67 (1.49-1.88)	1.83 (1.58-2.12)	1.73 (1.58-1.89)
Chen et al[20], 2014	Western	Cigarettes	Never			2.27 (1.76-2.93)
Mons et al[15], 2015	Any	Undefined	Never	1.44 (1.23-1.68)	1.78 (1.46-2.17)	1.59 (1.29-1.95)b
Lee et al[5], 2017	North America, Europe, Asia	Cigarettesc	Never	1.42 (1.29-1.56)	1.54 (1.33-1.78)	1.48 (1.37-1.60)
Wang et al[23], 2017	China	Undefined	Undefined			1.53 (1.06-2.20)b
Colpani et al[13], 2018	Any	Cigarettesd	Never		2.09 (1.51-2.89)
Hackshaw et al[14], 2018	Any	20 cigarettes per day	Never	1.64 (1.48-1.82)	2.16 (1.69-2.75)	1.90 (1.54-2.35)
Lee et al[11], 2018	Japan	Cigarettesc	Never	1.32 (1.16-1.51)	1.50 (1.16-1.94)	1.40 (1.25-1.57)
Pan et al[21], 2019	Any	Cigarettesc	Nevere	1.54 (1.11-2.13)	1.88 (1.45-2.44)	1.92 (1.49-2.48)
This meta-analysis	North America, Europe, Japan	Cigarettes	Never	1.48 (1.21-1.80)	1.66 (1.39-1.99)	1.62 (1.48-1.77)

^aFormer smokers are included among non smokers, but are not included among never smokers.

^bEstimated from data provided.

^cIncludes results for any product if those for cigarettes not available.

^dAssumed to be cigarettes as study in women.

^eSex-specific relative risks (RRs) are compared to non-smokers.