Evidence relating cigarettes, cigars and pipes to cardiovascular disease and stroke: Meta-analysis of recent data from three regions

Table 7 Comparison of meta-analysis relative risks for ischaemic heart disease in this study and in other publications

Ref.	Region	What is smoked	Comparison groupa	RR (95%CI) males	RR (95%CI) females	RR (95%CI) any
Woodward et al[17], 2005	Asia-Pacific	Cigarettes	Non	1.56 (1.44-1.70)	1.73 (1.50-2.01)	1.60 (1.49-1.72)
Woodward et al[18], 2005	Asia, Australia, New Zealand	Cigarettes	Non			1.86 (1.69-2.06)
Nakamura et al[16], 2009	Asia	Undefined	Never			1.97 (1.66-2.33)
Huxley et al[19], 2011	Any	Cigarettes	Non	1.72 (1.57-1.88)	1.92 (1.66-2.23)	1.79 (1.61-1.98)
Mons et al[15], 2015	Any	Undefined	Never	1.80 (1.51-2.15)	2.26 (1.98-2.59)	2.03 (1.63-2.54)b
Lee et al[5], 2017c	North America, Europe, Asia	Cigarettesd	Never	1.99 (1.81-2.19)	2.12 (1.87-2.40)	2.05 (1.90-2.21)
Colpani et al[13], 2018	Any	Cigarettese	Never		3.12 (2.15-4.52)
Hackshaw et al[14], 2018	Any	20 cigarettes per day	Never	2.04 (1.86-2.24)	2.84 (2.21-3.64)	2.34 (1.96-2.79)
Lee et al[11], 2018c	Japan	Cigarettesd	Never	1.98 (1.74-2.25)	2.59 (2.06-3.27)	2.21 (1.96-2.50)
This meta-analysis	North America, Europe, Japan	Cigarettes	Never	1.86 (1.53-2.26)	2.23 (1.86-2.69)	2.01 (1.84-2.21)

^aFormer smokers are included among nonsmokers, but are not included among never smokers.

^bEstimated from data provided.

^cIncludes results for coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction.

^dIncludes results for any product if those for cigarettes not available.

^eAssumed to be cigarettes as study in women.