Evidence relating cigarette, cigar and pipe smoking to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Meta-analysis of recent data from three regions

Table 2 Details of the 18 studies of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Study IDa	Ref.	Country	Study Population	Start year	Year followed	Ageb	Sexc	Cases	COPD definitiond	Adjuste	Exclf	Latencyg	Endpoint	NRRh
CPRD	[91]	UK	Regional	2003	4	40-89	C	14446	3	0	0	0	Diagnosed	1
CPS-I	[26]	US	National	1959	6	49+	M, F	782	DU	0, 1, 3	0, x	0	Died	6
CPS-II	[26]	US	National	1982	6	49+	M, F	2128	DU	0, 1, 3	0, x	0	Died	6
Finn Twins	[92]	Finland	National	1975	27	17+	C	511	5	0, 2	0	0	Diagnosed	2
JACC	[93]	Japan	National	1988	20	40-79	M, F	285	6	0, 1, 9	0	0	Died	6
KAISER	[94]	US	Regional	1978	28	NAR	C	778	4	0, 6	0	0	Diagnosed	2
MWOMEN	[24]	UK	National	1996	15	50-69	F	1910	2	0, 5	x	0	Died	3
NHS-HPFS	[95]	US	Regional	1976	24	30-75	C	832	1	0	0	0	Diagnosed	1
NIH-AARP	[96]	US	Regional	1995	11	50-70	C	3648	1	0	0	0	Diagnosed	1
NLMS	[28]	US	National	1985	26	35-80	C	2091	2	0, 1, 5	x	0	Died	9
NOWACi	[97]	Norway	National	1991	17	26-71	F	68	2	1, 6	x	0	Died	2
PATH	[98]	US	National	2013	3	18+	C	319	1	0	0	0	Diagnosed	1
SMC	[99]	Sweden	Regional	1997	17	48-83	F	1495	8	0	x	x	Diagnosed	1
THIN	[86]	UK	National	2000	12	30-99	C	3901	9	0	0	0	Diagnosed	1
USA5	[26]	US	Regional	1986	24	50+	M, F	9246	DU	0, 1, 3	0, x	0	Died	6
	[100]				25	50+	M, F	9246	2	0, 5	0, x	0	Died	4
VLAGT	[27]	Netherlands	Regional	1965	43	NAR	M, F	313	7	0, 3	0, x	0	Died	4
WHI	[25]	US	Regional	1993	22	50-79	F	4959	1	0	x	0	Diagnosed	1
WHS	[101]	US	Regional	1993	11	45+	F	1604	1	0	x	0	Diagnosed	1

^aStudy IDs are CPRD: Clinical Practice Research Datalink; CPS-I: Cancer Prevention Study 1; CPS-II: Cancer Prevention Study 2; Finn Twins: Finnish Twin Cohort; JACC: Japanese Collaborative Cohort Study; KAISER: Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program Study; Million: Million Women Study; NHS-HPFS: Nurses’ Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study; NIH-AARP: National Institutes of Health–AARP Diet and Health Study; NLMS: National Longitudinal Mortality Study; NOWAC: Norwegian Women and Cancer Study; PATH: Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study; SMC: Swedish Mammography Cohort; THIN: The Health Improvement Network; USA5: Five US Cohort Studies; VLAGT: Vlagtwedde-Vlaardingen Study; WHI: Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study and; WHS: Women’s Health Study; US: United States; UK: United Kingdom.

^bNAR: No age restriction.

^cC: Results only for sexes combined.

^dDisease definition codes: 1 = Self-report; 2 = ICD-10 J40-44; 3 = GP notes and ICD-10 J41-44; 4 = ICD-9 491, 492, 494-496; 5 = Participants entitled to special reimbursement or regularly used anticholinergics; 6 = ICD-10 J41-J44 J47; 7 = ICD-9 490-2, 494, 496 ICD-10 J40-J44, J47; 8 = ICD-10 J44; 9 = GP notes and ICD codes, unstated; DU = definition unstated; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

^eNumber of adjustment factors for which RR available (0 = unadjusted, 1 = age adjusted, N>1 = adjusted for N factors).

^fx: Results available for exclusive use.

^gx: Results available with deaths excluded in early period of follow-up.

^hNumber of RRs available.

ⁱStudy included despite only 68 COPD cases as results are available for lung cancer.