Evidence relating cigarette, cigar and pipe smoking to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Meta-analysis of recent data from three regions

Table 1 Details of the 44 studies of lung cancer

Study IDa	Ref.	Country	Designb	Study Population	Start year	Year followed	Agec	Sexd	Cases	Adjuste	Exclf	Latencyg	Endpoint	NRRh
ACE	[51,52]	US	Cohort	Regional	1995	10	18+	C	111	0, 8	0	0	Died	2
AEROBIC	[53]	US	Cohort	Regional	1974	29	20-84	M	232	0	0	0	Died	1
AGRICAN	[54]	France	Cohort	Regional	2005	6	18+	M, F	664	1	0	0	Diagnosed	2
AHS	[55]	US	Cohort	Pesticide workers	1993	18	NAR	C	789	0, 8	x	0	Diagnosed	2
AMIANT	[56]	Poland	Cohort	Asbestos workers	2000	14	NAR	C	110	0	0	0	Diagnosed	1
ARIC	[57]	US	Cohort	Regional	1987	19	45-64	M, F	470	0, 3	0	0	Diagnosed	4
ATP	[22]	Canada	Cohort	Regional	2001	16	35-69	M, F	210	0, 1, 7	0	0, x	Diagnosed	10
BIOBANK	[58]	UK	Cohort	National	2006	10	40-73	M, F	1493	0	0	0	Diagnosed	2
BWHS	[59]	US	Cohort	National	1995	18	21-69	F	306	0, 1, 7	0	0	Diagnosed	3
CHANCES	[21]	Multiple	Cohort	International	1982	29	46-74	C	14041	0, 7	0	0	Diag, died	4
COAL	[60]	US	Cohort	Coal miners	1969	38	NAR	M	568	7	0	0	Died	1
CPS-I	[26]	US	Cohort	National	1959	6	49+	M, F	1293	0, 1, 3	x	0	Died	6
CPS-II	[26]	US	Cohort	National	1982	6	49+	M, F	4957	0, 1, 3	x	0	Died	6
EPIC	[31]	Multiple	Cohort	International	1991	14	35-70	M	2995	0, 5	x	0	Diagnosed	6
	[32]					8	30-70	M, F	2995	7	0	0	Diagnosed	2
ESTHER	[61]	Germany	Nested CC	Regional	2000	17	50-75	C	143	0	0	0	Diagnosed	1
FRAMING	[62]	US	Cohort	Regional	1954	59	NAR	C	284	0, 1	0	0	Diagnosed	2
HBC	[63]	Finland	Cohort	Regional	2001	5	55-65	C	121	1	0	0	Diagnosed	1
HPFS	[64]	US	Nested CC	Medical workers	1986	14	40-75	M	210	0, 2, 4	0	0	Diagnosed	3
JP8	[23]	Japan	Cohort	National	1984	25	35+	M, F	4478	0, 2, 5	x	0, x	Diagnosed	8
JPHC	[65]	Japan	Cohort	National	1990	21	40-69	M, F	1663	0	x	0	Diagnosed	2
	[66]					3	40-69	M, F	1663	0, 10	x	0	Died	4
KAISER	[67]	US	Cohort	Regional	1978	30	NAR	C	1415	0, 6	0	0	Diagnosed	2
KRIS	[68]	Lithuania	Cohort	Regional	1972	36	40-59	M	343	0, 1, 4	0	x	Diagnosed	3
LSS	[69]	Japan	Cohort	Atomic bomb survivors	1950	59	5+	M, F	1597	0	x	0	Diagnosed	2
MWOMEN	[24]	UK	Cohort	National	1996	15	50-69	F	6331	0, 10	x	0, x	Died	3
NHANES	[70]	US	Cohort	National	1988	18	40+	C	269	0	0	0	Died	1
NHIS	[71]	US	Cohort	National	1987	28	18-84	C	7420	0, 11	0	0	Died	2
	[72]					9	25-79	M, F	7420	0, 4	0	x	Died	4
NHS	[73]	US	Cohort	Medical workers	1980	24	34-59	F	1729	1, 13	0	0	Died	2
	[74]					24	38-63	F	1729	0	0	0	Diagnosed	1
NIHAARP	[75]	US	Cohort	Regional	1995	11	50-71	M, F	17846	0, 5	x	x	Diagnosed	4
	[76]					16	50-71	C	17846	0	0	0	Diagnosed	1
NLCS	[29]	Netherlands	Nested CC	National	1986	17	55-69	C	3355	0	0	0	Diagnosed	3
	[30]					20	55-69	M, F	3355	0	0	0	Diagnosed	2
NLMS	[28]	US	Cohort	National	1985	26	35-80	C	3890	0, 1, 5	x	0	Died	8
NLST	[77]	US	Cohort	Construction workers	1998	18	NAR	M	352	0, 2	0	0	Died	2
NONMET	[78]	US	Nested CC	Non-metal miners	1947	50	NAR	M	198	0, 7	0	0	Died	2
NOWAC	[79]	Norway	Cohort	National	1991	24	31-70	F	1507	0, 1, 3	0	0	Diagnosed	3
PLCO	[80]	US	Cohort	Regional	1993	15	55-74	C	1040	0	0	0	Died	1
	[81]					15	55-74	F	1040	6	0	0	Died	1
QRESEAR	[82]	UK	Cohort	National	1998	15	25-84	M, F	32187	0, 6	0	0	Diagnosed	4
SCCS	[83]	US	Nested CC	Regional	2002	14	40-79	M, F	1334	0	0	0	Diagnosed	2
	[84]					7	40-79	C	1334	10	0	0	Diagnosed	1
SHEETME	[85]	Multiple	Cohort	Sheet metal workers	1986	24	NAR	M	808	0	0	0	Died	1
THIN	[86]	UK	Cohort	National	2000	12	30-99	C	1015	0	0	0	Diagnosed	1
THREEC	[20]	Norway	Cohort	Regional	1974	33	20-49	M	858	0, 10	0, x	0	Died	6
	[87]					35	35-49	M, F	858	0	0	x	Died	2
USA5	[26]	US	Cohort	National	1986	24	45+	M, F	11420	0, 1, 3	0	0	Died	6
VETERAN	[88]	US	Cohort	Regional	1987	28	21-89	M	105	0	0	0	Diagnosed	1
VITAL	[89]	US	Cohort	Regional	2000	7	50-76	C	797	0	0	0	Diagnosed	1
VLAGT	[27]	Netherlands	Cohort	Regional	1965	43	20-65	M, F	275	0, 3, 4	0	0	Died	4
WHI	[90]	US	Cohort	National	1993	16	50-79	F	901	0, 1, 15	0	0	Diagnosed	3

^aStudy IDs are ACE: The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study; AEROBIC: Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study; AGRICAN: Agriculture and Cancer Study; AHS: Agricultural Health Study; AMIANT: Amiantus; ARIC: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study; ATP: Alberta’s Tomorrow Project; BIOBANK: The UK Biobank Study, BWHS: The Black Women's Health Study; CHANCES: Consortium on Health and Ageing: Network of Cohorts in Europe and the United States; COAL: Underground coal miners from 31 US mines; CPS-I: Cancer Prevention Study 1; CPS-II: Cancer Prevention Study 2; EPIC: European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; ESTHER: Epidemiologische Studie zu Chancen der Verhütung, Früherkennung und optimierten Therapie chronischer Erkrankungen in der älteren Bevölkerung; FRAMING: Framingham Heart Study; HBC: Helsinki Birth Cohorts; HPFS: Health Professionals Follow-up Study; JP8: Pooled analysis of eight prospective studies in Japan; JPHC: Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study; KAISER: Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program Study; KRIS: Kaunas–Rotterdam Intervention Study; LSS: Life Span Study; MWOMEN: Million Women Study; NHANES: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; NHIS: National Health Interview Survey; NHS: Nurses' Health Study; NIHAARP: National Institutes of Health-American Association of Retired Persons Diet and Health Study; NLCS: Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer; NLMS: National Longitudinal Mortality Study; NLST: National Lung Screening Trial; NONMET: Non-metal Mining; NOWAC: Norwegian Women and Cancer study; PLCO: Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer study; QRESEAR: QResearch database; SCCS: Southern Community Cohort Study; SHEETME: Sheet Metal Workers; THIN: The Health Improvement Network; THREEC: Three counties in Norway; USA5: Pooled analysis of five US cohort studies, VETERAN: Veterans Exercise Testing Study; VITAL: Vitamins and Lifestyle; VLAGT: Vlagtwedde-Vlaardingen Study; WHI: Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study; US: United States; UK: United Kingdom.

^bNested CC: Nested case-control.

^cNAR: No age restriction.

^dC: Results only for sexes combined.

^eNumber of adjustment factors for which RR available (0 = unadjusted, 1 = age adjusted, N > 1 = adjusted for N factors).

^fx: Results available for exclusive use.

^gx: Results available with deaths excluded in the early period of follow-up.

^hNumber of RRs available.