Post-COVID-19 cholangiopathy: A systematic review

Table 1 Characteristics of patients with post-coronavirus disease 2019 cholangiopathy

Ref.	SARS-CoV-2 patient age, sex	Known liver diseases	ICU, mechanical ventilation	Time peak of ALP since COVID-19 diagnosis	Liver biopsy (time)	ERCP (time)	LT
Edwards et al[37], 2020	59 yr, male	No	Yes	79 d	Planned	Sludge clearance (2 procedures)	Planned for LT
Roth et al[11], 2021	38 yr, male	No	Yes	139 d	Yes (day 151)	Sludge extraction (day 180)	No
	25 yr, male	No	Yes	103 d	Yes (day 96)	Sludge and stones extraction (day 89 and 100)	No
	40 yr, female	No	Yes	172 d	Yes (day 178)	Not performed	No
Durazo et al[38], 2021	47 yr, male	No	Yes	81 d	Yes	Stone extraction and findings of SSC (day 73 and 81)	Yes
Lee et al[39], 2021	64 yr, male	No	Yes	60 d	No	Stone, extraction, insertion of 8.5 Fr biliary stent and findings of SSC (day 52 and day 150)	Yes
Faruqui et al[40], 2021	12 patients, mean age 58 yr (11 males, 1 females)	No	Yes	118 d	4 patients	4 patients	1 patient and 1 planned for LT, 2 patients declined
Rojas et al[41], 2021	29 yr, female	No	Yes	69 d	Yes	Negative	No
Bütikofer et al[42], 2021	11 patients with mild cholestasis (9 males, 2 females), 59 yr (range: 52-70)	No	Yes	1.7 d (range: 1.2-2.0 d)	4/9 patients (44%)	Not performed	1 planned for LT
	9 patients with severe cholestasis (7 males, 2 females), 59 yr (range: 53-68)	No	Yes	5.4 d (range: 2.5-7.4 d)	No	Not performed	No
Franzini et al[43], 2022	65 yr, male	No	Yes	63 d	No	Biliary casts removal	No
Santisteban Arenas et al[44], 2002	55 yr, male	No	Yes	74 d	Yes (in three patients)	Stones extraction in 1 patient	No
	54 yr, male	No	Yes	34 d			No
	62 yr, male	No	Yes	88 d			No
	56 yr, female	No	Yes	39 d			No
	73 yr, female	No	Yes	82 d			No
	34 yr, male	Hepatic hemangiomas	Yes	95 d			No
Ludwig et al[45], 2022	69 yr, male	Not known	Not known	Not known	Not known	Diffuse beading and stricturing of the intrahepatic bile ducts	Yes
Rela et al[46], 2022	50 yr, male	No	Yes	42 d (serum bilirubin)	Yes	Not performed	Yes
Kulkarni et al[47], 2022	8 patients unvaccinated, 59 yr (range: 24-67), all males	Fatty liver (2 patients)	7 patients (87.5%)	571.5 d (range: 368-1058 d)	5 patients	Not performed	2 patients and 4 patients planned for LT
	7 patients vaccinated, 52 yr (range: 29-67), 5 males and 2 females	Fatty liver (4 patients)	4 patients (57.1%)	312 d (range: 239-517 d)	2 patients	Not performed	No
Roda et al[48], 2022	63 yr with bilateral lung transplant, male	No	Yes	90 d	Cholangiopathy confirmed post-mortem	Not performed	No

ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; ICU: Intensive care unit; LT: Liver transplant; SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SSC: Secondary sclerosing cholangitis.