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©The Author(s) 2022.
World J Meta-Anal. Aug 28, 2022; 10(4): 195-205
Published online Aug 28, 2022. doi: 10.13105/wjma.v10.i4.195
Published online Aug 28, 2022. doi: 10.13105/wjma.v10.i4.195
Ref. | Study design | No. of COVID-19 cases | Median/mean viral load (Ct or Cq) (log10 copies/mL) | Association with disease severity | Conclusion |
Knudtzen et al[17], Denmark | Prospective cohort | 169 (87 OP/82 IP) | 24.8 vs 28.1 (Severe vs Moderate) | Yes | Lower Cq-values were found to be indicative of more disease severity in hospitalized patients |
Kawasuji et al[18], Japan | Retrospective cohort | 56 (56 IP) | 5.4 vs 2.6 (Critical/Moderate-Severe) | Yes | The viral loads of NP swabs were correlated with disease severity and death |
Maltezou et al[19], Greece | Prospective cohort | 1122 (274 OP/848 IP) | N/A | Yes | The viral load in the nasopharynx might be utilized to identify patients at increased risk for morbidity or poor outcome |
Zheng et al[20], China | Retrospective cohort | 96 (96 IP) | N/A | Yes | The virus persists longer with higher load and peaks later in the respiratory tissue of patients with severe disease |
Aydin et al[21], Turkey | Prospective cohort | 300 (168/79/29/24)(M/I/S/C) | 25.30/19.85/16.75/15.48 (M/I/S/C) | Yes | The Ct-values of saliva and oro-nasopharyngeal swab were useful in predicting disease severity |
de la Calle et al[14], Spain | Retrospective cohort | 455 (455 IP) | N/A | Yes | The Ct value of RT-PCR in nasopharyngeal swabs on admission is a useful predictive marker for the development of respiratory failure |
Kwon et al[22], Korea | Prospective cohort | 31 (31 IP) | 35.2/27.9/26.7 (M/I/S+C) | Yes | High viral load in the respiratory tract and excessive cytokines and chemokines were substantially linked with the severity of COVID-19 |
Piubelli et al[23], Italy | Retrospective study | 373 (373 OP) | N/A | Yes | The decreasing viral load that they observed during March to May 2020 was associated with a significant reduction in severe COVID-19 cases that needed intensive care |
Shlomai et al[13], Israel | Retrospective cohort | 170 (149 NS/21 SV) | 23.43 vs 29.55 (NS vs SV) | Yes | There was a clear relationship between nasopharyngeal viral load and hypoxemia, as well as worse clinical outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients |
Soria et al[24], Spain | Prospective cohort | 448 (110/236/102) (M/I/S) | 35.75/32.69/29.58 (M/I/S) | Yes | The link between viral load and disease severity was shown in COVID-19 patients |
Trunfio et al[25], Italy | Retrospective cohort | 200 (32 NS/168 SV) | N/A | Yes | The Ct value detected within the first week of COVID-19 onset was associated with deaths and disease severity |
Tsukagoshi et al[26], Japan | Retrospective study | 286 (138 AS/133 SM/15 FT) | N/A | Yes | The high viral load in elderly patients at an early stage of the disease results in a bad prognosis |
Wang et al[27], China | Prospective cohort | 23 (11/12)(M/S) | N/A | Yes | The viral loads in the respiratory samples were larger in the severe group than in the mild group, and they gradually decreased with time |
Faíco-Filho et al[28], Brazil | Retrospective cohort | 875 (439/266/170)(M/I/S) | 22/27/21.5 (M/I/S) | Yes | The SARS-CoV-2 virus load at admission was independently linked with death among hospitalized COVID-19 patients |
Pérez-García et al[29], Spain | Retrospective study | 255 (85/87/83) (M/I/S) | N/A | Yes | The SARS-CoV-2 viral load was a risk factor, but CCL5 was a protective factor for ICU admission or mortality during hospitalization |
Guo et al[30], China | Prospective cohort | 195 (16/132/41/6) (M/I/S/C) | 33.74/33.59/32.10/27.53 (M/I/S/C) | Yes | The higher initial viral load was associated with disease severity in COVID-19 patients |
Tanner et al[31], United Kingdom | Prospective cohort | 185 (IP) | N/A | Yes | The SARS-CoV-2 Ct value at admission was independently related with mortality |
Berastegui-Cabrera et al[32], Spain | Prospective cohort | 72 (9 OP/63 IP) | N/A | No | The viral load in the upper respiratory airways was associated with poor outcome |
Karahasan Yagci et al[33], Turkey | Retrospective study | 730 (446 OP/284 IP) | (27.8/29.4/27.9) (M/I/S) | No | The viral load was not a significant risk factor for hospitalization or fatality |
Le Borgne et al[34], France | Retrospective study | 287 (42 NS/245 SV) | 4.99 vs 4.76 (NS vs SV) | No | The viral load in the first nasopharyngeal swab was neither a predictor of severity nor of death in SARS-CoV-2 infection |
Hasanoglu et al[35], Turkey | Prospective cohort | 60 (15 AS/45 SM) | N/A | No | Asymptomatic individuals' viral loads were found to be substantially greater than symptomatic patients' |
Bakir et al[36], Turkey | Retrospective study | 158 (45 OP/113 IP) | 26.76 vs 27.53 (OP vs IP) | No | The quantity of SARS-CoV-2 viral load did not correlate with the severity of the pulmonary lesions shown on chest CT |
Ng et al[37], USA | Retrospective study | 133 | N/A | No | The viral loads in more seriously ill hospitalized patients were not significantly different from those in outpatient clinics |
- Citation: Leowattana W, Leowattana T, Leowattana P. SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the upper respiratory tract and disease severity in COVID-19 patients. World J Meta-Anal 2022; 10(4): 195-205
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2308-3840/full/v10/i4/195.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.13105/wjma.v10.i4.195