Review with meta-analysis relating North American, European and Japanese snus or smokeless tobacco use to major smoking-related diseases

Table 1 Studies considered in analyses of smokeless tobacco risk among never smokers in the United States

Study	Ref.	Study type1	Timing	Population	Diseases considered	Excludes pipe/cigar	Exposure index
Main sources
CPS-I2	Henley et al[9], 2005	P	1959 to 1971	Families of volunteers’ friends and neighbours	LC, COPD3, IHD, Stroke	Yes	Current vs never
CPS-II2	Henley et al[9], 2005	P	1982 to 2000	Families of volunteers’ friends and neighbours	LC, COPD4, IHD, Stroke	Yes	Current vs never
NHIS5	Inoue-Choi et al[10], 2019; Inoue-Choi et al[11], 2020	P	1991-2010 to 2015	Civilian non-institutionalized	LC, COPD6, IHD, Stroke	Yes	Current vs never
NLMS7	Timberlake et al[13], 2017	P	1985-2011 to 2011	Civilian non-institutionalized	IHD, Stroke	Yes	Current vs never
NLMS7	Fisher et al[8], 2019	P	1993-2005 to 2010	Civilian non-institutionalized	LC	Yes	Current vs never
Other sources
NHANES8	Accortt et al[6], 2002	P	1971-75 to 1992	Civilian non-institutionalized	LC, IHD, Stroke	No	Ever vs never
AHS9	Andreotti et al[7], 2017	P	1993-97 to 2010-11	Pesticide applicators and their spouses	LC	Yes	Ever vs never

¹Prospective study.

²CPS: Cancer Prevention Study.

³Respiratory symptom diseases (ICD7 470-527).

⁴Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ICD9 490-492, 496).

⁵NHIS: National Health Interview Surveys.

⁶Chronic lower respiratory disease (ICD10 J40-J47).

⁷NLMS: National Longitudinal Mortality Study.

⁸NHANES1: First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

⁹AHS: Agricultural Health Study.

COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.