Rare post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography complications: Can we avoid them?

Table 2 Types of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-related perforations according to Stapfer et al[31]

TYPE I	Perforation of the lateral/medial duodenal wall, caused by the endoscope. It usually results in a large leak and requires immediate surgical treatment
TYPE II	Sphincterotomy related periampullary perforations of various severity.
TYPE III	Bile duct or duodenal perforation caused by migrating stents or biliary baskets presenting with a smaller-size leakage
TYPE IV	Guide-wire related perforation with retroperitoneal air present in the X-ray. It usually does not require surgical intervention