Preventing pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile infections with probiotics: A meta-analysis

Table 3 Description of the interventions for 22 clinical trials of pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile

Probiotic strain	Random-ized	Blinding	Type of controls	Formulation	Daily dose(cfu/d)	Duration treatment	Follow-up po-st-treatment	Ref.
S. boulardii lyo	Yes	Double	Active (diosmectite)	Capsules	4.5 × 109	6-10 d	None	Benhamou et al[30], 1999
S. boulardii lyo	Yes	Open	No treatment	Sachet	5 × 109	duration	2 wk	Erdeve et al[34], 2004
S. boulardii lyo	Yes	Open	No treatment	Sachet	5 × 109	duration	2 wk	Erdeve et al[34], 2004
S. boulardii lyo	Yes	Double	Placebo	Wafers	1 × 1010	5-7 d	2 wk	Kotowska et al[36], 2005
S. boulardii lyo	Yes	Open	No treatment	Powder	1 × 1010	2 wk	2 wk	Shan et al[43], 2014
L. rhamnosus GG	Yes	Double	Milk control	Whey drink	8 × 1010	7 d	None	Vaisanen et al[47], 1998
L. rhamnosus GG	Yes	Double	Placebo	Capsules	4 × 1010	7-10 d	3 mo	Arvola et al[29], 1999
L. rhamnosus GG	Yes	Double	Placebo	Capsules	1-2 × 1010	10 d	None	Vanderhoof et al[48], 1999
L. rhamnosus GG	Yes	Double	Placebo	Capsules	2 × 109	7 d	6 wk	Szajewska et al[44], 2009
L. sporogenes [aka Bacilllus sporogenes] + FOS	Yes	Double	Placebo	Capsules	5.5 × 108	10 d	None	La Rosa et al[37], 2003
C. butyricum MIYAIRI	Nr	Open	No treatment	Capsules	1-4 × 107	6 d	None	Seki et al[42], 2003
L. acidophilus	Nr	Open	No treatment	Nr	2 × 109	duration	None	Pancheva-Dimitrova et al[39], 2004
B. clausii	Yes	Open	No treatment	Powder	4 × 109	7-21 d	6 wk	Destura et al[33], 2008
Mixes
L. acidophilus +L. bulgaricus	Yes	Double	Placebo	Sachets	2 × 109	10 d	None	Tankanow et al[46], 1990
L. acidophilus + Bifido infantis	Yes	Double	Placebo	Capsules	6 × 109	7 d	None	Jirapinyo et al[35], 2002
Bifido lactis + Strept thermophilus	Yes	Double	Placebo	Formula	4 × 108	15 d	15 d	Corrêa et al[32], 2005
Bifido longum PL03 + L. rhamnosus KL53A + L. plantarum PL02	Yes	Double	Placebo	Capsules	2 × 108	3-14 d	2 wk	Szymański et al[45], 2008
L. rhamnosus (3 strains) E/N, Pen and Oxy	Yes	Double	Placebo	Capsules	4 × 1010	3-30 d	2 wk	Ruszczyński et al[40], 2008
Kefir (mix of 9 strains)	Yes	Double	Heat-killed drink	Drink	7-10 × 109	10 d	4 d	Merenstein et al[38], 2009
C. butyricum + Bifido. infantis	Yes	Open	No treatment	Sachet	5 × 109	7 d	None	Investigating Group for Prevention of AAD in Children with Pneumonia by Clostridium Butyricum and Bifidobacterium[49], 2012
Bifido animalis + L. acidophilus + Strept thermophilus	Yes	Double, open	Control yogurt and no treatment groups	Yogurt	1 × 109	12 d	None	Conway et al[31], 2007
L. casei + L. acidophilus + L. reuteri + L. bulgaricus + Strept. cremoris + Bifido. bifidum + Bifido. infantis + FOS	Yes	Single	Placebo	Sachet	1 × 109	14 d	2 wk	Saneeyan et al[41], 2011
L. casei + L. rhamnosus + L. bulgaricus + L. acidophilus + Strept. thermophilus + Bifido. breve + Bifido. infantis	Yes	Double	Placebo	Sachet	1 × 109	28 d	4-8 wk	Ahmad et al[28], 2013

cfu/d: Colony-forming units/day; Diosmectite: An anti-spasmotic; Duration: Treatment given for the duration of the antibiotic; Nr: Not reported; S. boulardii: Saccharomyces boulardii; L. rhamnosus: Lactobacillus rhamnosus.