Short-term outcomes of radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma using cone-beam computed tomography for planning and image guidance

Figure 1 A 37-year-old man with solitary hepatocellular carcinoma < 2 cm in size and close to the diaphragm underwent radiofrequency ablation under cone-beam computed tomography. A: Semi-automated tumour segmentation was performed during cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) prior to radiofrequency ablation (RFA); B: An ablation needle was inserted following a planned path towards the tumour target and confirmed on the three-dimensional CBCT reconstructed image as well as on the frontal, sagittal, and coronal planes; C: Based on the technical parameters of the ablation needle and equipment, ablation zones associated with various temperature levels were visualized on multiple planes using CBCT planning software; D: Contrast-enhanced CT at 3 mo post-RFA showed complete response and no treatment-related damage to the diaphragm.