Association of frailty with in-hospital outcomes in elderly patients with heart failure

Table 1 Characteristics of the included elderly patients with heart failure and reduced ejection according to the frailty status

	Frail (n = 135)	Pre-frail (n = 93)	P value
Demographic factors
Age (yr)	70.7 ± 7.2	68.8 ± 5.8	0.039
Female, n (%)	44 (32.6)	25 (26.9)	0.022
NYHA Class
III, n (%)	70 (51.9)	57 (61.3)	0.249
IV, n (%)	44 (32.6)	23 (24.7)	0.010
Medical history
Hypertension, n (%)	78 (57.8)	48 (51.6)	0.358
DM, n (%)	57 (42.2)	29 (31.2)	0.091
Dyslipidemia, n (%)	34 (25.2)	17 (18.3)	0.219
AF, n (%)	40 (29.6)	18 (19.4)	0.080
PAD, n (%)	9 (6.7)	8 (8.6)	0.585
CABG, n (%)	15 (11.1)	11 (11.8)	0.867
PCI, n (%)	24 (17.8)	18 (19.4)	0.763
Clinical parameters
SBP (mmHg)	107.71 ± 21.03	114.01 ± 23.39	0.035
DBP (mmHg)	66.90 ± 13.57	72.03 ± 12.06	0.004
HR (bpm)	88.16 ± 20.41	89.39 ± 19.77	0.653
ALT (U/L)1	39 (23, 79)	35 (20, 71)	0.347
SCr (μmol/L)	109.70 ± 65.63	102.67 ± 54.03	0.395
FPG (mmol/L)	9.01 ± 6.32	8.49 ± 4.18	0.499
TG (mmol/L)1	1.4 (0.9, 1.8)	1.5 (1.0, 2.1)	0.082
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.59 ± 0.77	3.44 ± 1.51	0.455
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.05 ± 0.31	0.99 ± 0.31	0.901
PaO2 (mmHg)	96.85 ± 33.03	101.12 ± 38.93	0.374
BNP (μmol/L)1	712 (329, 1422)	542 (307, 925)	0.189
Echocardiography
LVEDD (mm)	56.81 ± 9.01	54.46 ± 7.66	0.036
LVESD (mm)	41.97 ± 11.03	41.89 ± 9.98	0.956
LVEF (%)	33.79 ± 6.06	34.03 ± 5.64	0.753
LV thrombosis, n (%)	27 (20)	9 (9.7)	0.036
Medications
Diuretics, n (%)	101 (74.8)	73 (78.5)	0.521
ARAs, n (%)	90 (66.7)	55 (59.1)	0.246
ACEIs/ARBs, n (%)	75 (55.6)	53 (57.0)	0.830
Beta-blockers, n (%)	114 (84.4)	76(81.7)	0.588
Digitalis, n (%)	51 (37.8)	23 (24.7)	0.039
Anticoagulants, n (%)	65 (48.1)	33 (35.5)	0.058

¹Data are presented as medians and interquartile ranges.

NYHA: New York Heart Association; DM: Diabetes mellitus; AF: Atrial fibrillation; PAD: Peripheral artery disease; CABG: Coronary artery bypass grafting; PCI: Percutaneous coronary intervention; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; HR: Heart rate; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; SCr: Serum creatinine; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; TG: Triglyceride; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BNP: Type B natriuretic peptide; LVEDD: Left ventricular end-diastolic dimension; LVESD: Left ventricular end-systolic dimension; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; LV: Left ventricular; ARAs: Aldosterone Receptor Antagonists; ACEIs: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs: Angiotensin II receptor blockers.