Incidence, prognosis, and risk factors of sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy

Table 1 Baseline demographic data and clinical characteristics of patients included in the study

Covariate	Original patients (before matching)			PSM adjusted patients (after matching)			Missing data (%)
	Non-SIC (n = 2533)	SIC (n = 997)	P value	Non-SIC (n = 809)	SIC (n = 809)	P value
Age (yr)	64.46 ± 15.39	68.42 ± 15.21	0.000	68.06 ± 14.34	67.86 ± 15.37	0.791	0.0
Gender (Male), n (%)	1383 (54.6)	634 (63.6)	0.000	513 (63.4)	510 (63.0)	0.877	0.0
Height (cm)	169.22 ± 10.52	169.74 ± 12.16	0.236	169.34 ± 10.74	169.74 ± 11.28	0.466	12.1
Weight (kg)	84.19 ± 27.24	81.91 ± 25.49	0.027	80.74 ± 23.35	82.21 ± 26.16	0.233	6.2
BSA (m2)	1.88 ± 0.45	1.86 ± 0.45	0.224	1.91 ± 0.33	1.93 ± 0.36	0.218	12.6
BMI (kg/m2)	29.24 ± 8.77	28.85 ± 13.46	0.345	28.14 ± 7.69	28.59 ± 9.58	0.295	12.6
Temperature (℃)	36.88 ± 0.77	36.84 ± 0.79	0.267	37.02 ± 0.79	36.85 ± 0.76	0.000	2.1
SBP (mmHg)	111.42 ± 14.89	108.20 ± 14.05	0.000	110.55 ± 15.17	108.69 ± 14.21	0.011	1.6
DBP (mmHg)	57.60 ± 10.08	57.69 ± 10.09	0.821	59.18 ± 10.22	57.90 ± 9.99	0.011	1.6
MAP (mmHg)	73.20 ± 10.22	72.61 ± 10.15	0.130	75.09 ± 10.52	72.68 ± 9.96	0.000	1.5
HR (beats min-1)	91.97 ± 17.38	92.32 ± 17.10	0.594	91.50 ± 17.23	92.41 ± 17.27	0.289	1.5
RR (min-1)	21.20 ± 4.73	21.15 ± 4.45	0.789	21.32 ± 4.64	21.20 ± 4.46	0.572	1.5
SpO2 (%)	96.84 ± 2.70	96.91 ± 2.92	0.458	96.75 ± 3.02	96.91 ± 2.75	0.269	1.6
SOFA score	6.89 ± 3.88	7.02 ± 3.71	0.342	6.86 ± 3.72	6.99 ± 3.72	0.496	0.0
SAPS-I score	20.90 ± 5.47	21.40 ± 5.36	0.013	22.03 ± 5.32	21.29 ± 5.27	0.005	0.0
SAPS-II score	44.09 ± 15.43	46.57 ± 14.86	0.000	46.15 ± 15.18	46.32 ± 15.00	0.825	0.0
ECI	13.76 ± 8.97	15.30 ± 8.73	0.000	14.56 ± 8.63	15.20 ± 8.83	0.142	0.0
Microbiology, n (%)
Positive	1387 (54.8)	560 (56.2)	0.448	463 (57.2)	453 (56.0)	0.616	0.0
Negative	1146 (45.2)	437 (43.8)		346 (42.8)	356 (44.0)
Interventions, n (%)
Renal replacement use (1st d)	249 (9.8)	120 (12.0)	0.054	81 (10.0)	98 (12.1)	0.178	0.0
Mechanical ventilation use (1st d)	1232 (48.6)	516 (51.8)	0.095	341 (42.2)	414 (51.2)	0.000	0.0
Comorbidities, n (%)
Renal failure	614 (24.2)	324 (32.5)	0.000	282 (34.9)	249 (30.8)	0.081	0.0
Liver failure	418 (16.5)	74 (7.4)	0.000	17 (2.1)	71 (8.8)	0.000	0.0
Diabetes	809 (31.9)	424 (42.5)	0.000	337 (41.7)	333 (41.2)	0.840	0.0
COPD	552 (21.8)	195 (19.6)	0.144	186 (23.0)	162 (20.0)	0.146	0.0
Coagulopathy	869 (34.3)	317 (31.8)	0.155	283 (35.0)	255 (31.5)	0.140	0.0
Admission type, n (%)
Emergency	2396 (94.6)	960 (96.3)	0.036	780 (96.4)	785 (97.0)	0.485	0.0
Elective	137 (5.4)	37 (3.7)		29 (3.6)	24 (3.0)		0.0
Sepsis type, n (%)
Sepsis	548 (21.6)	168 (16.9)	0.003	174 (21.5)	143 (17.7)	0.064	0.0
Severe sepsis	1315 (51.9)	567 (56.9)		411 (50.8)	454 (56.1)		0.0
Septic shock	670 (26.5)	262 (26.3)		224 (27.7)	212 (26.2)		0.0
Laboratory tests
WBC (109/L)	16.50 ± 12.92	15.93 ± 9.65	0.206	17.15 ± 12.94	15.61 ± 9.17	0.006	0.3
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	9.37 ± 1.88	9.57 ± 1.81	0.004	9.42 ± 1.91	9.57 ± 1.79	0.099	0.3
Platelet (109/L)	195.01 ± 137.10	199.63 ± 124.20	0.356	202.55 ± 139.20	200.23 ± 125.24	0.725	0.2
Sodium (mmol/L)	139.96 ± 5.62	140.04 ± 5.17	0.705	139.92 ± 5.59	140.02 ± 5.20	0.695	0.1
Potassium (mmol/L)	3.78 ± 0.62	3.82 ± 0.60	0.064	3.76 ± 0.63	3.81 ± 0.61	0.094	0.1
Chloride (mmol/L)	102.19 ± 7.57	102.09 ± 6.80	0.716	101.71 ± 7.25	102.25 ± 6.78	0.117	0.1
BUN (mg/dL)	39.02 ± 27.97	43.79 ± 27.74	0.000	40.22 ± 27.95	42.90 ± 27.39	0.052	0.2
Creatine (mg/dL)	2.21 ± 2.08	2.38 ± 2.02	0.023	2.43 ± 2.26	2.33 ± 2.04	0.389	0.1
Lactate (mmol/L)	3.30 ± 2.77	3.59 ± 3.16	0.012	3.20 ± 2.55	3.46 ± 3.01	0.074	14.5
Albumin (g/dL)	2.68 ± 0.67	2.78 ± 0.60	0.001	2.71 ± 0.66	2.76 ± 0.60	0.196	39.3
Bilirubin (mg/dL)	3.69 ± 7.35	1.82 ± 3.58	0.000	2.70 ± 5.50	1.78 ± 3.57	0.001	25.6
PH	7.34 ± 0.11	7.34 ± 0.11	0.358	7.34 ± 0.10	7.34 ± 0.11	0.592	27.3
PO2 (mmHg)	132.70 ± 86.45	140.77 ± 92.91	0.037	128.11 ± 81.34	136.85 ± 90.36	0.081	27.2
PCO2 (mmHg)	41.20 ± 14.08	39.92 ± 11.76	0.030	40.70 ± 14.25	39.81 ± 11.62	0.239	27.3
Bicarbonate (mmol/L)	20.74 ± 5.61	20.32 ± 5.34	0.042	20.35 ± 5.49	20.32 ± 5.18	0.916	0.1
Glucose (mg/dl)	140.88 ± 46.90	146.09 ± 51.54	0.004	145.48 ± 48.58	144.89 ± 48.96	0.808	1.6
CK-MB (%)	6.83 ± 6.87	5.82 ± 6.00	0.063	6.87 ± 7.11	5.40 ± 5.64	0.037	80.7
CK (U/L)	68.00 (31.00-194.00)	74.50 (32.00-229.00)	0.374	66.50 (30.00-212.25)	76.00 (32.00-269.00)	0.382	24.9
Troponin T (ng/mL)	0.33 ± 1.06	0.38 ± 1.24	0.319	0.41 ± 1.41	0.39 ± 1.25	0.814	34.0

Data shown are the mean ± SD, median (interquartile), or n (%). The definitions and diagnostic criteria for sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock were made according to the Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines[24,25]. SIC: Sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy; PSM: Propensity score matching; BSA: Body surface area; BMI: Body mass index; SOFA: Sequential organ failure assessment, ranging from 0 to 24, with higher scores indicating a greater degree of organ failure; ECI: Elixhauser comorbidity index, and we used the modified van Walraven Elixhauser comorbidity score in our study, which consists of 30 comorbidity diseases, ranges from -19 to 89 points, with higher scores indicating a greater risk of hospital mortality; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; MAP: Mean arterial pressure; HR: Heart rate; RR: Respiratory rate; SAPS-I: Simplified acute physiologic score-I; SAPS-II: Simplified acute physiologic score-II; ICU: Intensive care unit; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; WBC: White blood cell; PCO₂: Partial pressure of carbon dioxide; PO₂: Partial pressure of oxygen; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen.