Chronic hepatitis-C infection in COVID-19 patients is associated with in-hospital mortality

Table 1 Comparison between patients with and without hepatitis C virus, n (%)

	All patients (n = 1193)			Propensity score matched1 (n = 98)
	No HCV (n = 1143)	HCV (n = 50)	P value	No HCV (n = 48)	HCV (n = 50)	P value
Age (yr)	62 ± 16	64 ± 9	0.402	64 ± 15	64 ± 9	0.803
Gender (female)	456 (39.90)	14 (28.00)	0.092	20 (41.67)	14 (28.00)	0.155
Body mass index (kg/m2)	30 ± 7	27.7 ± 8.5	0.026	27.9 ± 6.8	28 ± 9	0.917
Hypertension	703 (61.50)	31 (62.00)	0.944	33 (68.75)	31 (62.00)	0.483
Diabetes mellitus)	530 (46.37)	17 (34.00)	0.086	17 (35.42)	17 (34.00)	0.883
Human immune-deficiency virus	58 (05.07)	21 (42.00)	< 0.001	17 (35.42)	21 (42.00)	0.504
Asthma	144 (12.60)	10 (20.00)	< 0.001	9 (18.75)	10 (20.00)	0.612
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	105 (09.19)	14 (28.00)	< 0.001	9 (18.75)	14 (28.00)	0.280
Hepatitis B infection	1 (00.09)	3 (06.00)	< 0.001	0 (00.00)	3 (06.00)	0.085
Congestive heart failure	105 (09.19)	12 (24.00)	0.001	10 (20.83)	12 (24.00)	0.707
Coronary artery disease	119 (10.41)	6 (12.00)	0.720	6 (12.50)	6 (12.00)	0.940
Chronic kidney disease	89 (07.79)	9 (18.00)	0.01	5 (10.42)	9 (18.00)	0.284
End stage renal disease	77 (06.74)	5 (10.00)	0.372	2 (04.17)	5 (10.00)	0.262
Fever	753 (65.88)	31 (62.00)	0.525	26 (54.17)	31 (62.00)	0.585
Cough	771 (67.45)	24 (48.00)	0.003	27 (56.25)	24 (48.00)	0.294
Shortness of breath	787 (68.85)	40 (80.00)	0.110	34 (70.83)	40 (80.00)	0.478
Myalgia	352 (30.80)	11 (22.00)	0.175	19 (39.58)	11 (22.00)	0.04
Chest discomfort	144 (12.60)	5 (10.00)	0.572	3 (06.25)	5 (10.00)	0.538
Atypical symptoms	392 (34.30)	19 (38.00)	0.611	20 (41.67)	19 (38.00)	0.585
Symptom onset to hospitalization (d)	5.85 ± 5.56	3.79 ± 4.04	0.034	6.2 ± 5.7	3.8 ± 4.04	0.053
Length of hospital stay (d)	8.05 ± 7.05	6.2 ± 4.3	0.072	7 ± 5.79802	6.2 ± 4.3	0.454
Hemoglobin	13.0 ± 2.2	12.2 ± 2.7	0.021	12.5 ± 2.1	12.2 ± 2.7	0.598
Total white count	8.6 ± 6.6	9.8 ± 13.1	0.244	7.78 ± 3.5	9.8 ± 13.1	0.300
Platelets	221.7 ± 103.3	183 ± 73.5	0.015	234.4 ± 100	183 ± 73	0.007
Neutrophilic count	6.8 ± 4.05	6.1 ± 3.8	0.224	6.3 ± 3.4	6.1 ± 3.8	0.780
Lymphocyte count	1.18 ± 4.86	2.86 ± 12.3	0.037	0.99 ± 0.52	2.86 ± 12.3	0.302
D-dimer	3115 ± 9997	2270 ± 5383	0.582	6883 ± 28017	2270 ± 5383	0.293
Lactate dehydrogenase	581 ± 393	623 ± 391	0.477	523 ± 419	623 ± 391	0.248
High sensitivity C-reactive protein	143 ± 113	98 ± 76	0.013	129 ± 89	98 ± 75	0.095
Ferritin	1148 ± 1574	1265 ± 2098	0.647	1053 ± 1267	1265 ± 2098	0.576
Lactate	2.3 ± 1.9	2.7 ± 2.6	0.265	2.07 ± 1.3	2.7 ± 2.6	0.189
Prothrombin time (s)	14 ± 10.7	13.4 ± 2.5	0.716	13.6 ± 2.3	13.4 ± 2.4	0.700
Activated partial thromboplastin time (s)	32.2 ± 7.9	32.7 ± 6.3	0.67	31.4 ± 5.4	32.7 ± 6.3	0.317
Creatinine	1.9 ± 2.6	3.3 ± 3.5	< 0.001	2.01 ± 2.4	3.3 ± 3.5	0.039
Alanine transaminase	43.7 ± 66.4	53.2 ± 121.7	0.386	40.8 ± 37.5	53.2 ± 121.7	0.538
Aspartate transaminase	68.6 ± 90.8	128.1 ± 367.2	0.001	59.8 ± 43.5	128.2 ± 367	0.246
Alkalaine phosphatase	94.2 ± 86.4	111.5 ± 143	0.224	82.3 ± 40.7	111.5 ± 143	0.217
Total bilirubin	0.6 ± 0.7	0.8 ± 0.86	0.111	0.54 ± 0.41	0.8 ± 0.9	0.087
Combined bilirubin	0.27 ± 0.45	0.45 ± 0.68	0.02	0.26 ± 0.28	0.45 ± 0.68	0.115
Total protein	6.98 ± 0.83	7.2 ± 0.98	0.163	6.91 ± 0.72	7.2 ± 0.98	0.175
Albumin	3.59 ± 0.55	3.44 ± 0.56	0.089	3.6 ± 0.5	3.4 ± 0.6	0.209
Procalcitonin	2.34 ± 9.4	7.27 ± 21.4	0.02	3.08 ± 8.8	7.3 ± 21.4	0.453
Hydroxychloroquine	878 (76.82)	36 (72.00)	0.711	33 (68.75)	36 (72.00)	0.725
Azithromycin	839 (73.40)	32 (64.00)	0.303	35 (72.92)	32 (64.00)	0.343
Tocilizumab	78 (06.82)	0 (00.00)	0.149	4 (08.33)	0 (00.00)	0.054
Mechanical ventilation	449 (39.28)	29 (58.00)	0.003	4 (08.33)	29 (58.00)	< 0.001
Death	386 (33.77)	28 (56.00)	0.004	7 (14.58)	28 (56.00)	< 0.001

¹Patients without hepatitis C virus (HCV) were matched to patients with HCV using propensity score matching for age, sex, body mass index, and all risk factors. HCV: Hepatitis C virus.