Copyright
©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Clin Cases. Oct 6, 2021; 9(28): 8374-8387
Published online Oct 6, 2021. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i28.8374
Published online Oct 6, 2021. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i28.8374
Table 1 Overall baseline characteristics of the study population
| African Americans, n (%) | European- Americans, n (%) | Latin-Americans, n (%) | |
| Indices | |||
| Discharge status (n = 385) | |||
| Alive (n = 322) | 204 (79.4) | 23 (88.5) | 95 (93.1) |
| Dead (n = 63) | 53 (20.6) | 3 (11.5) | 7 (6.9) |
| Sex (n = 386) | |||
| Female (n = 191) | 117 (45.5) | 11 (42.3) | 63 (61.2) |
| Male (n = 195) | 140 (54.5) | 15 (57.7) | 40 (38.8) |
| BMI (n = 332) | |||
| Normal (n = 127) | 75 (31.9) | 12 (52.2) | 40 (54.1) |
| Overweight (n = 94) | 69 (29.4) | 6 (26.1) | 19 (25.7) |
| Obese (n = 111) | 91 (38.7) | 5 (21.7) | 15 (20.3) |
| Baseline comorbidities | |||
| Cardiac disease (n = 377) | |||
| No (n = 236) | 141 (55.3) | 18 (72) | 77 (79.4) |
| Yes (n = 141) | 114 (44.7) | 7 (28) | 20 (20.6) |
| Hypertension (n = 373) | |||
| No (n = 183) | 105 (41.7) | 10 (40) | 68 (70.8) |
| Yes (n = 190) | 147 (58.3) | 15 (60) | 28 (29.2) |
| Immunosuppression (n = 369) | |||
| No (n = 335) | 225 (88.9) | 21 (87.5) | 89 (96.7) |
| Yes (n = 34) | 28 (11.1) | 3 (12.5) | 3 (3.3) |
| Presenting symptoms | |||
| Fever (n = 383) | |||
| No (n = 174) | 107 (41.8) | 12 (46.2) | 55 (54.5) |
| Yes (n = 209) | 149 (58.2) | 14 (53.8) | 46 (45.5) |
| Cough (n = 380) | |||
| No (n = 151) | 93 (36.8) | 6 (23.1) | 52 (51.5) |
| Yes (n = 229) | 160 (63.2) | 20 (76.9) | 49 (48.5) |
| Shortness of breath (n = 381) | |||
| No (n = 144) | 85 (33.2) | 9 (36) | 50 (50) |
| Yes (n = 237) | 171 (66.8) | 16 (64) | 50 (50) |
| Fatigue (n = 236) | |||
| No (n = 143) | 78 (53.8) | 11 (55) | 54 (76.1) |
| Yes (n = 93) | 67 (46.2) | 9 (45) | 17 (23.9) |
| Nausea (n = 362) | |||
| No (n = 315) | 208 (86.7) | 19 (82.6) | 88 (88.9) |
| Yes (n = 47) | 32 (13.3) | 4 (17.4) | 11 (11.1) |
| Vomiting (n = 375) | |||
| No (n = 332) | 216 (87.1) | 22 (88) | 94 (92.2) |
| Yes (n = 43) | 32 (12.9) | 3 (12) | 8 (7.8) |
| Abdominal pain (n = 343) | |||
| No (n = 296) | 205 (87.6) | 17 (81) | 74 (84.1) |
| Yes (n = 47) | 29 (12.4) | 4 (19) | 14 (15.9) |
| Diarrhea (n = 377) | |||
| No (n = 317) | 203 (81.2) | 22 (88) | 92 (90.2) |
| Yes (n = 60) | 47 (18.8) | 3 (12) | 10 (9.8) |
| Anorexia (n = 325) | |||
| No (n = 238) | 147 (68.7) | 16 (80) | 75 (82.4) |
| Yes (n = 87) | 67 (31.3) | 4 (20) | 16 (17.6) |
| Laboratory results | |||
| Lymphocyte count (n = 380) | |||
| Normal (n = 193) | 120 (47,1) | 14 (53.8) | 59 (59.6) |
| Low (n = 163) | 120 (47.1) | 10 (38.5) | 33 (33.3) |
| Elevated (n = 24) | 15 (5.9) | 2 (7.7) | 7 (7.1) |
| CPK (n = 293) | |||
| Normal (n = 99) | 69 (32.5) | 7 (38.9) | 23 (36.5) |
| Elevated (n = 194) | 143 (67.5) | 11 (61.1) | 40 (63.5) |
| D-Dimer (n = 309) | |||
| Normal (n = 39) | 23 (10) | 6 (30) | 10 (17.2) |
| Elevated (n = 270) | 208 (90) | 14 (70) | 48 (82.8) |
| Procalcitonin (n = 276) | |||
| Normal (n = 163) | 114 (55.9) | 13 (72.2) | 36 (66.7) |
| Elevated (n = 113) | 90 (44.1) | 5 (27.8) | 18 (33.3) |
| Ferritin (n = 273) | |||
| Normal (n = 98) | 73 (35.4) | 5 (41.7) | 20 (36.4) |
| Elevated (n = 175) | 133 (64.6) | 7 (583) | 35 (63.6) |
| AST (n = 332) | |||
| Normal (n = 185) | 129 (54.7) | 13 (54.2) | 43 (59.7) |
| Elevated (n = 147) | 107 (45.3) | 11 (45.8) | 29 (40.3) |
| ALT (n = 329) | |||
| Normal (n = 231) | 168 (72.1) | 16 (66.7) | 47 (65.3) |
| Elevated (n = 98) | 65 (27.9) | 8 (33.3) | 25 (34.7) |
| ALP (n = 317) | |||
| Normal (n = 260) | 191 (86) | 17 (81) | 52 (70.3) |
| Elevated (n = 57) | 31 (14) | 4 (19) | 22 (29.7) |
| Hydroxychloroquine (n = 371) | |||
| No (n = 291) | 185 (92.4) | 24 (96) | 82 (88.2) |
| Yes (n = 80) | 68 (26.9) | 1 (04) | 11 (11.8) |
| Interventions | |||
| Glucocorticoids (n = 371) | |||
| No (n = 303) | 202 (73.1) | 20 (80) | 81 (87.1) |
| Yes (n = 68) | 51 (20.2) | 5 (20) | 23 (12.9) |
| Mechanical ventilation (n = 376) | |||
| No (n = 320) | 204 (81.3) | 23 (92) | 93 (93) |
| Yes (n = 56) | 47 (18.7) | 2 (8) | 7 (7) |
- Citation: Ashktorab H, Folake A, Pizuorno A, Oskrochi G, Oppong-Twene P, Tamanna N, Mehdipour Dalivand M, Umeh LN, Moon ES, Kone AM, Banson A, Federman C, Ramos E, Awoyemi EO, Wonni BJ, Otto E, Maskalo G, Velez AO, Rankine S, Thrift C, Ekwunazu C, Scholes D, Chirumamilla LG, Ibrahim ME, Mitchell B, Ross J, Curtis J, Kim R, Gilliard C, Mathew J, Laiyemo A, Kibreab A, Lee E, Sherif Z, Shokrani B, Aduli F, Brim H. COVID-19 among African Americans and Hispanics: Does gastrointestinal symptoms impact the outcome? World J Clin Cases 2021; 9(28): 8374-8387
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2307-8960/full/v9/i28/8374.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v9.i28.8374