Transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 via fecal-oral: Current knowledge

Table 3 Detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome by coronavirus 2 RNA in water systems

Ref.	Country	Wastewater type	Main findings
Medema et al[96]	The Netherlands	Sewage	Sewage samples of six cities and the airport were tested: (1) February: No SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected; and (2) March: SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection increased concomitant with the increase in COVID-19 prevalence
Ahmed et al[97]	Australia	Wastewater in a catchment	Two positive detections within a 6-d period from the same wastewater treatment plant
Kumar et al[98]	India	Wastewater Treatment Plant	Increase in SARS-CoV-2 RNA samples was concomitant with the increase in the number of active COVID-19 patients in the city
Wurtzer et al[99]	France	Wastewater treatment plant (raw and treated wastewater samples)	Raw wastewater samples: all positive for SARS-CoV2; Treated wastewater samples: 6 out of 8 positive for SARS-CoV2
Randazzo et al[100]	Spain	Wastewater treatments plants	(1) Influent samples: 35 of 42 were positive for SARS-CoV-2; (2) Effluent secondary treated samples: 2 of 18 were tested positive; and (3) Effluent tertiary treated samples: 0 of 12 tested positive
Kocamemi et al[101]	Turkey	Wastewater treatment plants (primary sludge and waste activated sludge)	SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected quantitatively from all samples.
Guerrero-Latorre et al[102]	Ecuador	River	SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in the three locations
Zhang et al[103]	China	Septic tanks	SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in septic tanks after disinfection with sodium hypochlorite
Ahmed et al[104]	United States	Wastewater treatment plants	Two out of 15 wastewater samples tested positive
Haramoto et al[105]	Japan	River, wastewater treatment plants	One of 5 secondary-treated wastewater samples tested positive
La Rosa et al[106]	Italy	Sewage	Six out of 12 samples tested positive.
Hasan et al[107]	United Arab Emirates	Sewage, wastewater treatment plants, pumping stations	SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 85% of untreated wastewater samples; SARS-CoV-2 RNA was not detected in wastewater treatment plants.

WHO: Pneumonia cases of unknown etiology[50]. SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019.