Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Clin Cases. Oct 6, 2021; 9(28): 8280-8294
Published online Oct 6, 2021. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i28.8280
Table 3 Detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome by coronavirus 2 RNA in water systems
Ref.
Country
Wastewater type
Main findings
Medema et al[96] The NetherlandsSewageSewage samples of six cities and the airport were tested: (1) February: No SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected; and (2) March: SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection increased concomitant with the increase in COVID-19 prevalence
Ahmed et al[97] AustraliaWastewater in a catchmentTwo positive detections within a 6-d period from the same wastewater treatment plant
Kumar et al[98] IndiaWastewater Treatment PlantIncrease in SARS-CoV-2 RNA samples was concomitant with the increase in the number of active COVID-19 patients in the city
Wurtzer et al[99] FranceWastewater treatment plant (raw and treated wastewater samples)Raw wastewater samples: all positive for SARS-CoV2; Treated wastewater samples: 6 out of 8 positive for SARS-CoV2
Randazzo et al[100] SpainWastewater treatments plants(1) Influent samples: 35 of 42 were positive for SARS-CoV-2; (2) Effluent secondary treated samples: 2 of 18 were tested positive; and (3) Effluent tertiary treated samples: 0 of 12 tested positive
Kocamemi et al[101] TurkeyWastewater treatment plants (primary sludge and waste activated sludge)SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected quantitatively from all samples.
Guerrero-Latorre et al[102] EcuadorRiverSARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in the three locations
Zhang et al[103] ChinaSeptic tanksSARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in septic tanks after disinfection with sodium hypochlorite
Ahmed et al[104] United StatesWastewater treatment plantsTwo out of 15 wastewater samples tested positive
Haramoto et al[105] JapanRiver, wastewater treatment plantsOne of 5 secondary-treated wastewater samples tested positive
La Rosa et al[106] ItalySewageSix out of 12 samples tested positive.
Hasan et al[107] United Arab EmiratesSewage, wastewater treatment plants, pumping stationsSARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 85% of untreated wastewater samples; SARS-CoV-2 RNA was not detected in wastewater treatment plants.