Safety of pancreatic surgery with special reference to antithrombotic therapy: A systematic review of the literature

Table 1 Types, specific agents, and acting duration of commonly used antithrombotic drugs

Class of agents	Type	Specific agents	Duration of action
Antiplatelets
	Thienopyridines	Clopidogrel (Plavix), Ticlopidine (Panardine), Prasugrel (Effient), Ticagrelor (Brilinta)	5-7 d1
	Type III PDE inhibitor	Cilostazol (Pretal)	2 d
	Acetylsalicylic acid	Aspirin	7-10 d
	Other NSAIDs	Ibuprofen (Brufen, Advil), Loxoprofen (Loxonin), Diclofenac (Voltaren) etc.	Varies
Anticoagulants
	Heparin (unfractionated)	Heparin	1-2 h
	Heparin (LMWH)	Dalteparin (Fragmin, iv), Enoxaparin (Clexane, s.c.), Nadroparin (s.c.)	2-4 h, 6-12 h, 6-12 h
	Vitamin K antagonist	Warfarin (Coumadin)	5 d
	Factor Xa inhibitor (s.c.)	Fondaparinux (Arixtra)	1-1.5 d
	DOACs
	Direct thrombin inhibitor	Dabigatran (Pradaxa)	1-2 d
	Factor Xa inhibitors	Rivaroxaban (Xarelto), Apixaban (Eliquis), Edoxaban (Lixiana)	1-2 d

¹In ticlopidine, duration of action is 10-14 d. PDE: Phosphodiesterase; NSAID: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; DOAC: Direct-acting oral anticoagulant.