Awake fiberoptic intubation and use of bronchial blockers in ankylosing spondylitis patients

Table 1 Drugs used for awake tracheal intubation in the participants

Drug	Usage and dosage
Penehyclidine hydrochloride injection	0.01 mg/kg, intramuscular injection 30 min before anesthesia
Dexmedetomidine	Intravenous infusion of 0.5 μg/kg for 10 min
Ephedrine hydrochloride	3%, nasal drops
2% lidocaine	3 mL for topical anesthesia of nasal mucosa and nasopharynx; 2 mL for thyrocricocentesis
Compound lidocaine cream	Lubrication on forepart of endotracheal tube and local anesthesia
Fentanyl	1 μg/kg, analgesia, sedation, and inhibition of airway reflex
Midazolam	0.02 mg/kg, sedation and anticonvulsant