Giant androgen-producing adrenocortical carcinoma with atrial flutter: A case report and review of the literature

Table 2 Characteristics and evolution of giant adrenocortical carcinoma from case reports in the literature

Ref.	Time until diagnosis	Age (yr)	Sex	Type of tumor	Dimensions	Weight (g)	Metastasis (yes/no)	Ki67 proliferation index	Disease-free interval	Treatment
Functional
Kunieda et al[39], 2000	4 mo: Weight loss and abdominal discomfort	52	M	Functional cortisol	29 × 19 cm × 10 cm	4700	Yes (liver and right kidney)	NA	5 yr	Surgery + mitotane 4 g/d, 3 mo
Uruc et al[13], 2015	Abdominal pain, flushing	48	F	Functional sex-hormone secreting	23 cm × 18 cm × 16 cm	1300	Yes (capsular invasion)	> 10%	NA	Surgery + mitotane
Bagchi et al[14], 2015	10 mo: Altered menstrual symptoms; the last 5 mo: Headache, palpitation, anxiety, abdominal pain	35	F	Functional cushingoid features, pheochromocytoma	21 cm × 12 cm × 8 cm	NA	Yes (microvascular invasion lymphovascular)	NA	1 yr	Surgery
Nonfunctional
Zhou et al[40], 2019	9 mo: No clinical symptoms	77	M	Nonfunctional	30 cm × 15 cm × 8 cm	NA	Yes (local right- abdominal musculature)	> 80%	9 mo	Surgery
Chatzoulis et al[1], 2018	Few months: Flatulence and epigastric discomfort	39	F	Nonfunctional	23.7 cm × 16.5 cm × 11.5 cm	NA	No	NA	1.5 yr	Surgery
Bacalbasa et al[41], 2015	3 yr; last months: Abdominal diffuse pain, subocclusion, lower limb edema	65	M	Nonfunctional	35 cm × 30 cm × 25 cm	18500	Yes	NA	1 yr	Surgery
Stievano Carlos et al[42], 2014	6 mo: Abdominal pain; last 2 mo: Weight loss	49	F	Nonfunctional	21 cm	2106	Yes (hepatic metastases)	NA	22 mo	surgery
Straka et al[30], 2014	14 d of respiratory distress	40	M	Nonfunctional	26 cm × 16 cm × 13 cm	2372	Yes (lymph nodes with invasion to retro-peritoneal structures)	NA	36 mo	Surgery
Singh and Gupta[43], 2011	Last 2.5 mo: Vague abdominal pain in the left upper quadrant	47	M	Nonfunctional	22 cm × 18 cm × 15 cm	2800	Yes (microscopic lymphovascular invasion limited to the capsule and small vessels)	NA	5 yr	Surgery

M: Male; F: Female; NA: Not available.