Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome in COVID-19 patients outside Wuhan: A double-center retrospective cohort study of 197 cases in Hunan, China

Table 4 Comparison clinical characteristics of acute respiratory distress syndrome between Wuhan and outside Wuhan

Ref. (n)	AST (0-40 U/L) median, elevated rate	D-dimer (0-0.5 mg/L) median, elevated rate	LDH (0-250 U/L) median, elevated rate	CRP (0-10 mg/L) median, elevated rate	CT bilateralpneumonia (%)	Antiviral rate (%)	Antibiotic rate (%)	Corticost-eroid rate (%)	Mechanical ventilation rate (%)
Chen et al[11], (99)	34, 35%	0.9, 36% (> 1.5)	336, 76%	51.3, 86% (> 5)	75	76 (oseltamivir)1	71	19	20
Huang et al[19], (41)	34, 37%	0.5, /	286, 73% (> 245)	/	98	93 (oseltamivir)	100	22	29
Zhou et al[14], (191)	/	0.8, 68%	300, 67% (> 245)	/	59	21 (LPV/r)	95	30	31
Wang et al[17], (138)	31, /	0.20, /	261, 39.9% (> 243)	/, /	/	89.9 (oseltamivir)	Many5	44.9	26
Wu et al[4], (201)	33, 29.8%	23.3% (> 1.5)	308, 98% (> 150)	42.4, 85.6% (> 5)	95	84.6 (oseltamivir)2	98	30.8	33
Cao et al[12], (102)	/, /	0.19, 20.8%	/, /	24.8, 51%	70.6	98.0 (oseltamivi)3	99	50	19.6
Total median/mean	33.5 (31.5-34.0)	0.65 (0.27-0.87)	300 (273-322)	42 (25-/)	83	77.1	92.6	32.8	26.4
Outside Wuhan
Guan et al[20], (1099)6	/, 22.2%	/, 46.4%	/, 41.0%	/, 60.7%	51.8	35.8 (oseltamivir)	58	18.6	6.10
Chen et al[16], (249)	25.0, /	/	229, /	12.0, 50%	81.5	Unknown (LPV/r, arbidol)	/	12.9	/
Yang et al[13], (149)	23, 18.2%	0.2, 14.1%	210, 30.2%	7.3, 55.0%	/	93.9 (interferon)	23	3.0	1.0
This study (197)	23, 12.2%	0.3, 26.4%	161, 12.7%	12.8, 53.3%	8.28	99.4 (arbidol, LPV/r)4	44	24.8	2.0
Total median/mean	23 (23-/)	0.25 (0.20-/)	210 (161-/)	12 (7.3-/)	72.3	76.4	41.5	14.9	3.0

¹Included ganciclovir, lopinavir and ritonavir.

²Oseltamivir (66.7%), ganciclovir (40.3%), LPV/r (14.1%), interferon (10.9%).

³Arbidol (34.3%), Oseltamivir (64.7%) and Lopinavir (27.5%).

⁴Arbidol, LPV/r, interferon-alpha, novaferon, and different combined regimens.

⁵Moxifloxacin (64.4%); ceftriaxone (24.6%); azithromycin (18.1%).

ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; CRP: C-reactive protein; LPV/r: Lopinavir/ritonavir; WBC: White blood cell.