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©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Clin Cases. Jan 16, 2021; 9(2): 344-356
Published online Jan 16, 2021. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i2.344
Published online Jan 16, 2021. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i2.344
Table 1 Clinical characteristics and factors associated respiratory distress syndrome
Demographic characteristics | All patients (n = 197) | Non-ARDS (n = 184) | ARDS (n = 13) | P value |
Ages (yr) | 45.0 (34.0-58.5) | 42 (34-57) | 58 (48-65) | 0.010 |
Sex | ||||
Male | 93/197 (47.2%) | 85/184 (46.2%) | 8/13 (61.5%) | 0.284 |
Female | 104/197 (52.8%) | 99/184 (53.8%) | 5/13 (38.5%) | |
Body mass index | 23.42 (21.39-25.69) | 23.29 (21.29-25.49) | 26.03 (21.50-26.89) | 0.170 |
Smoking | 11/171 (6.4%) | 10/159 (6.3%) | 1/12 (8.3%) | 0.5621 |
Travelling to Wuhan | 45/133 (33.8%) | 40/125 (32.0%) | 5/8 (62.5%) | 0.167 |
Imported cases | 76/183 (41.5%) | 73/184 (39.7%) | 3/12 (25.0%) | 0.481 |
Cluster exposure history | 132/197 (67.0%) | 127/184 (69.0%) | 5/13 (38.5%) | 0.050 |
Coexisting disease | ||||
Any | 49/197 (24.9%) | 42/184 (22.8%) | 7/13 (53.8%) | 0.030 |
Heart disease | 8/197 (4.0%) | 6/184 (3.3%) | 2/13 (15.4%) | 0.0901 |
Hypertension | 27/197 (13.7%) | 24/184 (13.0%) | 3/13 (23.1%) | 0.549 |
Diabetes | 13/197 (6.6%) | 12/184 (6.5%) | 1/13(7.7%) | 0.600 |
Other | 25/197 (12.7%) | 22/184 (12.0%) | 3/13 (23.1%) | 0.464 |
Clinical manifestations | ||||
Fever | ||||
37.3–39.0 °C | 115/197 (58.4%) | 107/184 (58.2%) | 8/13 (61.5%) | 0.308 |
> 39.0 °C | 17/197 (8.6%) | 14/184 (7.6%) | 3/13 (23.0%) | |
Non-fever | 68/197 (34.5%) | 65/184 (35.3%) | 3/13 (23.0%) | 0.551 |
Fever | 129/197 (65.5%) | 119/184 (64.7%) | 10/13 (76.9%) | |
Cough | 147/197 (74.6%) | 137/184 (74.5%) | 10/13 (76.9%) | 1.000 |
Expectoration | 76/197 (38.6%) | 71/184 (38.6%) | 7/13 (53.8%) | 0.277 |
Dyspnea | 39/197 (19.8%) | 29/184 (15.8%) | 10/13 (58.8%) | < 0.001 |
Diarrhea | 27/197 (13.7%) | 26/184 (14.1%) | 1/13 (7.7%) | 0.814 |
Nausea/vomit | 17/197 (8.6%) | 16/184 (8.7%) | 1/13 (7.7%) | 1.000 |
Fatigue | 70/197 (35.5%) | 64/184 (34.8%) | 6/13 (46.2%) | 0.597 |
Sore throat | 18/197 (9.1%) | 18/184 (9.8%) | 0/13 (0.0%) | 0.493 |
Headache | 19/197 (9.6%) | 18/184 (9.8%) | 1/13 (7.7%) | 1.000 |
Muscular soreness | 15/197 (7.6%) | 14/184 (7.6%) | 1/13 (7.7%) | 1.0001 |
Total complications | 21/197 (10.7%) | 14/184 (7.6%) | 7/13 (53.8%) | < 0.001 |
Dry/moist rales | 11/162 (6.8%) | 8/153 (5.2%) | 3/9 (33.3%) | 0.016 |
CT imagings | ||||
Single lung involvement | 23/169 (13.6%) | 23/150 (%) | 0/13 (%) | 0.268 |
Bilateral lung involvement | 140/169 (82.8%) | 127/150 | 13/13 (100.0%) | |
Ground glass opacities | 143/165 (86.7%) | 137/145 (94.5%) | 6/9 (66.7%) | 0.0181 |
Consolidative/mixed opacities | 11/165 (6.7%) | 8/145 (5.5%) | 3/9 (33.3%) | |
Number of lobe involvement | ||||
Single left lobe | 58/158 (36.7%) | 55/111 (49.5%) | 3/8 (37.5%) | 0.770 |
Double left lobe | 61/158 (38.6%) | 56/111 (50.5%) | 5/8 (62.5%) | |
Single or double right lobe | 65/157 (41.4%) | 62/113 (54.9%) | 3/8 (37.5%) | 0.558 |
Triple right lobe | 56/157 (35.7%) | 51/113 (45.1%) | 5/8 (62.5%) | |
Laboratory findings | P value | |||
White cell count (× 109/L) | 4.75 (3.44-5.91) | 4.75 (3.44-5.89) | 4.51 (3.06-7.05) | 0.990 |
< 4 | 71/197 (36.0%) | 66/184 (35.9%) | 5/13 (38.5%) | 0.293 |
4-10 | 122/197 (61.9%) | 115/184 (62.5%) | 7/13 (53.8%) | |
> 10 | 4/197 (2.0%) | 3/184 (1.6%) | 1/13 (7.7%) | |
Neutrophil (× 109/L) | 2.89 (2.16-3.72) | 2.88 (2.15-3.65) | 3.31 (2.16-5.46) | 0.260 |
< 2 | 40/197 (20.3%) | 37/184 (20.1%) | 3/13 (23.1%) | 0.325 |
2-7 | 152/197 (77.2%) | 143/184 (77.7%) | 9/13 (69.2%) | |
> 7 | 5/197 (2.5%) | 4/184 (2.2%) | 1/13 (7.7%) | |
Lymphocyte (× 109/L) | 1.20 (0.81-1.66) | 1.21 (0.88-1.69) | 0.70 (0.60-0.94) | < 0.001 |
< 0.8 | 47/197 (23.9%) | 38/184 (20.7%) | 9/13 (69.2%) | < 0.001 |
Hemoglobin (g/L) | 130.00 (119.00-141.00) | 130.00 (119.25-140.75) | 127.50 (103.25-148.00) | 0.511 |
< 110 g/L | 18/197 (9.1%) | 16/184 (8.7%) | 2/13 (15.4%) | 0.756 |
Blood platelet | 173.00 (139.00-230.00) | 178.50 (139.00-229.50) | 148.00 (91.25-225.25) | 0.174 |
< 100, × 109/L | 12/197 (6.1%) | 10/184 (5.4%) | 2/13 (15.4%) | 0.1821 |
Prothrombin time (s) | 11.5 (10.90-12.35) | 11.55 (10.90-12.30) | 11.40 (10.60-12.75) | 0.964 |
> 16 s | 21.1 (%) | 1/184 (0.5%) | 1/13 (7.7%) | 0.128 |
APTT (s) | 32.20 (29.80-34.75) | 32.40 (30.20-34.57) | 29.70 (26.90-35.90) | 0.212 |
< 22 | 3/1971.5 (%) | 2/184 (1.0%) | 1/13 (%) | 0.186 |
CK (U/L) | 64.10 (41.97-93.87) | 63.85 (41.17-91.85) | 83.20 (47.00-187.30) | 0.195 |
> 170 U/L | 19/192 (9.9%) | 15/182 (8.2%) | 4/10 (40.0%) | 0.010 |
CK-MB (U/L) | 9.10 (5.90-12.05) | 8.60 (5.60-11.90) | 14.10 (10.43-30.50) | 0.005 |
> 23 | 12/193 (6.2%) | 19/183 (10.4%) | 4/10 (40.0%) | 0.021 |
D-dmier (mg/L) | 0.26 (0.13-0.58) | 0.26 (0.12-0.56) | 1.17 (0.26-8.57) | 0.001 |
> 0.5 | 52/165 (31.5%) | 44/153 (28.8%) | 8/12 (66.7%) | 0.016 |
Albumin (g/L) | 38.28 (35.35-41.08) | 38.52 (35.78-41.59) | 29.90 (27.86-34.88) | < 0.001 |
< 35 | 38/197 (19.3%) | 26/155 (16.8%) | 9/13 (69.2%) | < 0.001 |
ALT (U/L) | 20.13 (14.12-30.29) | 19.72 (13.91-28.75) | 37.41 (23.93-78.65) | < 0.001 |
> 40 | 32/197 (16.2%) | 26/184 (14.1%) | 6/13 (46.2%) | 0.008 |
AST (U/L) | 23.38 (19.14-31.28) | 23.12 (18.98-30.49) | 33.24 (21.47-68.61) | 0.029 |
> 40 | 24/197 (12.2%) | 18/184 (9.8%) | 6/13 (46.2%) | 0.001 |
Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 10.80 (7.89-15.12) | 10.67 (7.82-14.86) | 13.26 (8.81-23.31) | 0.114 |
> 17.1 | 40/197 (20.3%) | 36/184 (19.6%) | 4/13 (30.8%) | 0.539 |
Creatinine (μmol/L) | 64.10 (41.98-93.88) | 51.25 (40.39-64.65) | 46.17 (36.79-111.57) | 0.684 |
> 133 | 6/197 (3.0%) | 4/184 (2.2%) | 2/13 (15.4%) | 0.052 |
LDH (U/L) | 161.15 (135.80-208.88) | 157.80 (133.85-205.97) | 313.60 (183.55-352.50) | < 0.001 |
> 250 U/L | 25/197 (12.7%) | 17/184 (9.2%) | 8/13 (61.5%) | < 0.001 |
CRP (mg/L) | 12.79 (3.55-28.50) | 12.47 (3.49-25.52) | 45.70 (13.30-72.08) | 0.003 |
> 10 | 10/105 (53.3%) | 96/184 (52.2%) | 9/13 (69.2%) | 0.064 |
Procalcitonin (μg/L) | 0.08 (0.06-0.20) | 0.70 (0.05-0.18) | 0.80 (0.60-71.83) | 0.117 |
> 0.5 | 4/187 (2.1%) | 1/175 (0.6%) | 2/12 (16.7%) | 0.0111 |
Blood glucose (mmol/L) | 161/197 (81.7%) | 5.32 (4.73-6.66) | 6.03 (5.01-12.97) | 0.169 |
> 7 | 31/161 (19.3%) | 28/154 (18.2%) | 3/7 (42.9%) | 0.259 |
Treatments | ||||
Oxygen therapy | ||||
Mechanical ventilation | 4/164 (2.0%) | 0/155 (0.0%) | 4/9 (44.4%) | < 0.0011 |
Nasal cannula | 151/164 (92.1%) | 146/155 (94.2%) | 5/9 (55.6%) | |
Did not oxygen therapy | 9/164 (5.5%) | 9/155 (5.8%) | 0/9 (0.0%) | |
Antiviral therapy | 161/162 (99.4%) | 153/154 (99.4%) | 8/8 (100.0%) | 1.0001 |
Antibiotic therapy | 67/153 (43.8%) | 62/147 (42.2%) | 5/6 (83.3%) | 0.116 |
Corticosteroid | 40/161 (24.8%) | 30/151 (19.9%) | 10/10 (100.0%) | < 0.001 |
Convalescent plasma | 4/197 (2.0%) | 0/184 (0.0%) | 4/13 (30.8%) | < 0.0011 |
Gamma globulin | 39/157 (24.8%) | 32/150 (21.3%) | 7/7 (100.0%) | < 0.001 |
- Citation: Hu XS, Hu CH, Zhong P, Wen YJ, Chen XY. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome in COVID-19 patients outside Wuhan: A double-center retrospective cohort study of 197 cases in Hunan, China. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9(2): 344-356
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2307-8960/full/v9/i2/344.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v9.i2.344