Role of theories in school-based diabetes care interventions: A critical review

Table 1 Basic characteristics of the studies included in the review

Study ID	Ref.	Study design	Participants: Sample size	School characteristics	Intervention aims	Intervention components
1	Faro et al[21], 2005	Single group pre-post	Students: 27 (15 boys, 12 girls)	K-12 schools in a large urban district in New York	(1) Increase school nurse knowledge and confidence in performing diabetes care. (2) Strengthen collaboration between school health personnel and diabetes specialists. (3) Improve student self-efficacy and self-management skills	(1) Regular school visits by pediatric nurse practitioners (PNP), engaging students with diabetes, school nurses, teachers, and other school personnel. (2) Blood glucose management at home and school, diabetes knowledge and coping skills, healthy eating, carbohydrate counting, insulin dose adjustment, and hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia management
2	Bachman et al[24], 2008	One-shot case	School nurses: 12	Schools in Missouri	Evaluate an online continuing education program providing school nurses with updated practice principles and knowledge	Education on blood glucose management, diabetes knowledge, meal plan development, oral medications, hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, insulin adjustment, insulin injection vs pump therapy, individual responsibilities of insulin pump management, diabetes management plan development, implementation of individual health plan, and emergency action plan, laws and regulations related to child diabetes care
3	Smith et al[23], 2012	Single group pre-post	School nurses: 44; Health aids: 37	Elementary, middle, and high schools, and one vocational school in New Albany-Floyd County, Indiana	Evaluate an education program for school health personnel to improve diabetes care-related knowledge and confidence	(1) The basic program was a 60-min educational session with the following components: diabetes knowledge, diabetes pathology, hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, dietary management, exercise, blood glucose management. (2) The expanded program was a 180-min educational session that included carbohydrate counting, insulin administering, blood glucose meter, and written diabetes care plans
4	Gutierrez et al[22], 2019	Single group pre-post	School personnel: 132	Schools in rural districts of South Central Texas	Evaluate an online educational program for medical and nonmedical school personnel to improve diabetes-care related knowledge and confidence	Education on blood glucose monitoring, hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, insulin and insulin regimens, insulin delivery services, dietary management, exercise management, and emergency management