Roles of vitamin A in the regulation of fatty acid synthesis

Table 1 Effects of vitamin A status and retinoic acid treatment on acetyl-CoA carboxylase enzymatic activity and its mRNA and protein expression levels in cells and tissues

Treatment	Tissue/cells	ACC activity	mRNA levels	Protein levels	Ref.
Vitamin A deficiency	Rat heart	Reduced	No change of Accb	ND	Vega et al[37]
	Rat liver	Reduced	Reduced Acc	ND	Oliveros et al[38]
	Rat liver	ND	ND	Reduced in ad libitum	Li et al[33]
RA treatment	NMRI mouse muscle	ND	Increased Accb	ND	Amengual et al[39]
	MAC-T cells		Acca reduced by 1 μmol/L and induced by 2 μmol/L		Liao et al[40]
	H9C2 myotube		Increased Accb		Kim et al[41]
	HL-60 PL cells	Reduced	ND	ND	Fischkoff et al[42]

ACC: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase; HL-60 PL: HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells; MAC-T: Bovine mammary alveolar cells; ND: Not determined; RA: Retinoic acid; VAD: Vitamin A deficiency.