Critical prognostic value of the log odds of negative lymph nodes/tumor size in rectal cancer patients

Table 3 Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors for cancer-specific survival

Variable	Training cohort (n = 28755)			Validation cohort (n = 12325)
	HR	95%CI	P2 value	HR	95%CI	P2 value
Age (ref: ≤ 60 years old)	1.54	1.46-1.63	< 0.001	1.50	1.37-1.62	< 0.001
Tumor size1	1.00	1.00-1.00	0.637	1.00	1.00-1.00	0.987
LONS1	0.47	0.44-0.51	< 0.001	0.46	0.41-0.52	< 0.001
Sex (ref = male)	0.90	0.85-0.95	< 0.001	0.91	0.83-0.99	0.021
TNM1 (ref = stage III)
I	0.28	0.22-0.26	< 0.001	0.264	0.23-0.31	< 0.001
II	0.47	0.45-0.51	< 0.001	0.50	0.46-0.55	< 0.001
Differentiation (ref = G3 + G4)
G1	0.63	0.56-0.72	< 0.001	0.60	0.49-0.73	< 0.001
G2	0.72	0.67-0.77	< 0.001	0.71	0.62-0.82	< 0.001
Unknown	0.63	0.54-0.73	< 0.001	0.63	0.51-0.79	< 0.001
Histology (ref = MAC and SRCC)	0.78	0.71-0.86	< 0.001	0.71	0.62-0.82	< 0.001
Preoperative RT (ref = Yes)	0.90	0.85-0.96	< 0.001	0.92	0.83-1.03	0.147
Chemotherapy (ref = Yes)	1.42	1.32-1.52	< 0.001	1.36	1.22-1.51	< 0.001
Location (ref = rectum)	0.82	0.77-0.87	< 0.001	0.77	0.70-0.85	< 0.001
Race (ref = others)
White	1.10	1.00-1.20	0.043	1.04	0.91-1.20	0.555
Black	1.45	1.29-1.63	< 0.001	1.49	1.25-1.79	< 0.001
CEA (ref = High)
Normal	0.66	0.62-0.71	< 0.001	0.60	0.54-0.67	< 0.001
Unknown	0.80	0.75-0.85	< 0.001	0.77	0.7-0.86	< 0.001

¹These variables were treated as continuous data.

²P values were adjusted for sex, age, race, tumor-node-metastasis stage, location, preoperative radiotherapy, carcinoembryonic antigen, differentiation and chemotherapy as covariates.

CI: Confidence interval; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; HR: Hazard ratio; LONS: Log odds of negative lymph nodes/tumor size; MAC: Mucinous adenocarcinoma; SRCC: Signet-ring cell carcinoma; RT: Radiotherapy; TNM: Tumor-node-metastasis.