Patients with cirrhosis during the COVID-19 pandemic: Current evidence and future perspectives

Table 2 Clinical complications and outcomes of cirrhotic patients infected with SARS-CoV-2

Reference	Patient number (n)	COVID-19 severity	COVID-19 complications	Mortality
Qi et al[33]	21	N/A	ICU: 23.8%	23.8%
			MV: 14.3%
			Shock: 14.3%
			ARDS: 28.6%
			RRT: 9.5%
			ECMO: 9.5%
Liu et al[32]	17	Mild1: 64.7%	ICU: 17.6%	17.6%
		Severe1: 35.3%	MV: 11.8%
			Shock: 11.8%
			ARDS: 29.4%
Iavarone[31] et al	50	N/A	ICU: 4%	34%
			MV: 4%
			Shock: 8%
			ARDS: 52%
Sarin et al[14]	43	Severe2: 18.6%	ICU: 25.6%	16.3%
			MV: 23.2%
			Shock: 14%
Moon et al[19]	103	N/A	ICU: 23.3%	39.8%
			MV: 17.5%
			RRT: 4.9%
Lee et al[22]	14	N/A	ICU: 35.7%MV: 21.4%	28.6%
			RRT: 7.1%
			Shock: 28.6%
			ARDS: 35.7%
Bajaj et al[23]	37	N/A	ICU: 43%	30%
			MV: 38%
			Shock: 30%
			RRT: 19%
Kim et al[21]	227	N/A	Death, hospitalization, oxygen support, ICU, vasopressor support, or MV: 70.5%	25.1%
Shalimar et al[30]	26	Mild3: 57.7%	N/A	42.3%
		Moderate3: 7.7%
		Severe3: 34.6%
Marjot et al[18]	386	N/A	ICU: 28%	32%
			MV: 18.4%
			RRT: 5.4%
Jeon et al[28]	67	N/A	ICU: 3%	9%
			Shock: 6%
			RRT: 1.5%

¹Severe COVID-19 was defined as severe pneumonia (i.e., SpO2 < 93% despite high -flow nasal cannula O2 or a respiratory rate (RR) > 30 per minute), features of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute kidney, heart or circulatory failure, altered sensorium or a combination of the above.

²Mild, moderate, and severe coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) were defined as the presence of only upper respiratory tract symptoms without any signs of breathlessness and hypoxia, the presence of pneumonia with a RR between 24 and 30/min and SpO2 between 90% and 94% on room air, and the presence of pneumonia with a RR > 30/min or SpO2 < 90% on room air or severe respiratory distress, respectively.

³Severe COVID-19 was defined when patients had 1 of the following criteria: (1) RR ≥ 30/min; (2) Resting SpO2 < 93%; or (3) Oxygenation index of 300 mm Hg or less. Mild COVID-19 was defined as mild clinical symptoms without pneumonia on imaging.

COVID-19: Coronavirus disease-2019; ICU: Intensive care unit; MV: Mechanical ventilator; ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome; RRT: Renal replacement therapy; ECMO: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.