Clinical characteristics and 28-d outcomes of bacterial infections in patients with hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure

Table 4 Bacterial identification and detection of multidrug-resistant organisms in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure

Bacterial isolate	Total Bis (n = 61)	Pneumonia (n = 12)	SBP (n = 19)	BSI (n = 26)	Other Bis (n = 4)
Source of acquisition
CA BIs (/total, %)	10 (16.4)	0 (0)	4 (21.1)	6 (23.1)	0 (0)
HCA BIs (/total, %)	27 (44.3)	5 (41.7)	8 (42.1)	11 (42.3)	3 (75.0)
Nosocomial BIs (/total, %)	24 (39.3)	7 (58.3)	7 (36.8)	9 (34.6)	1 (25.0)
Gram-negative bacteria (/total, %)	51 (83.6)	12 (100.0)	16 (84.2)	20 (76.9)	3 (75.0)
Escherichia coli (/total, %)	27 (44.3)	1 (8.3)	14 (73.7)	10 (38.5)	2 (50.0)
Klebsiella pneumoniae (/total, %)	14 (23.0)	5 (41.7)	2 (10.5)	6 (23.1)	1 (25.0)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (/total, %)	4 (6.6)	4 (33.3)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Acinetobacter baumannii (/total, %)	2 (3.3)	0 (0)	0 (0)	2 (7.7)	0 (0)
Other (/total, %)	4 (6.6)	2 (16.7)	0 (0)	2 (7.7)	0 (0)
Gram-positive bacteria (/total, %)	10 (16.4)	0 (0)	3 (15.8)	6 (23.1)	1 (25.0)
Enterococcus faecium (/total, %)	5 (8.2)	0 (0)	2 (10.5)	3 (11.5)	0 (0)
Staphylococcus aureus (/total, %)	2 (3.3)	0 (0)	0 (0)	2 (7.7)	0 (0)
Staphylococcus epidermidis (/total, %)	2 (3.3)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (3.8)	1 (25.0)
Other (%) (/total, %)	1 (1.6)	0 (0)	1 (5.3)	0 (0)	0 (0)
MDROs (/total, %)	18 (29.5)	3 (25.0)	5 (26.3)	8 (30.8)	2 (50.0)
Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative organisms (/Gram-negative bacteria, %)	10 (19.6)	3 (25.0)	3 (18.8)	3 (15.0)	1 (33.3)
Multidrug-resistant Gram-positive organisms (/Gram-positive bacteria, %)	8 (80.0)	0 (0)	2 (66.7)	5 (83.3)	1 (100.0)

BIs: Bacterial infections; SBP: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis; BSI: Bloodstream infection; CA: Community-acquired; HCA: Healthcare-associated; MDROs: Multidrug-resistant organisms.