Clinical characteristics and 28-d outcomes of bacterial infections in patients with hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure

Table 1 Baseline characteristics and laboratory results of the overall study collective

Characteristic	Total (n = 199)	AD (n = 40)	ACLF (n = 159)	χ2/t/Z value	P value
Age (yr)	48.0 ± 10.9	49.0 ± 12.1	47.7 ± 10.5	0.667	0.506
Male (%)	170 (85.4)	34 (85.0)	136 (85.5)	0.007	0.932
Cirrhosis (%)	172 (86.4)	35 (87.5)	137 (86.2)	0.049	0.825
SIRS (%)	90 (45.2)	15 (37.5)	75 (47.2)	1.206	0.272
Temperature (°C)	37.1 (36.6, 38.0)	37.4 (36.6, 38.2)	37.1 (36.6, 38.0)	-0.500	0.617
MAP (mmHg)	87.8 ± 14.2	86.6 ± 14.4	88.1 ± 14.2	-0.580	0.562
Invasive catheterization (%)	38 (19.1)	5 (12.5)	33 (20.8)	1.410	0.235
Multiple sites of BIs (%)	36 (18.1)	6 (15.0)	30 (18.9)	0.323	0.570
HBV DNA (log10 IU/ml)	4.1 (2.5, 6.0)	3.4 (1.2, 5.7)	4.4 (2.6, 6.2)	-1.259	0.208
WBC (×109/L)	8.7 (6.0, 13.6)	8.0 (4.7, 11.3)	8.9 (6.1, 14.0)	-1.477	0.140
NEUT (×109/L)	6.7 (4.1, 11.1)	5.9 (3.6, 8.6)	6.9 (4.2, 11.3)	-1.261	0.207
HGB (g/L)	107.8 ± 24.9	108.2 ± 25.0	107.7 ± 24.9	0.129	0.897
PLT (×109/L)	63.0 (42.0, 91.0)	60.0 (47.0, 90.3)	63.0 (41.0, 96.0)	-0.092	0.927
ALB (g/L)	27.0 (24.0, 31.0)	26.5 (23.0, 31.5)	28.0 (25.0, 31.0)	-1.088	0.277
TBIL (μmol/L)	330.6 ± 158.4	226.5 ± 142.9	356.7 ± 151.6	-4.909	< 0.001
DBIL (μmol/L)	227.8 ± 109.4	159.0 ± 100.6	245.2 ± 104.9	-4.684	< 0.001
ALT (IU/L)	81.0 (38.0, 183.0)	48.0 (29.3, 129.5)	87.0 (42.0, 246.0)	-2.774	0.006
AST (IU/L)	119.0 (71.0, 221.0)	73.5 (60.0, 175.3)	126.0 (82.0, 234.0)	-2.549	0.011
ALP (IU/L)	141.0 (106.0, 188.0)	133.0 (101.0, 181.5)	143.0 (111.0, 192.0)	-1.184	0.236
GGT (IU/L)	50.0 (33.0, 77.0)	46.0 (29.3, 70.8)	54.0 (34.0, 78.0)	-1.193	0.233
Cr (μmol/L)	101.0 (80.0, 148.0)	83.0 (72.0, 96.0)	112.0 (84.0, 162.0)	-4.480	< 0.001
Na (mmol/L)	133.0 (130.0, 136.0)	134.0 (130.3, 136.0)	133.0 (130.0, 136.0)	-0.916	0.360
INR	2.2 (1.7, 2.8)	1.6 (1.4, 2.0)	2.3 (1.9, 3.1)	-6.429	< 0.001
PTA (%)	30.0 ± 13.1	42.2 ± 12.6	26.9 ± 11.4	7.455	< 0.001
CRP (mg/L)	18.3 (11.1, 40.4)	25.1 (13.0, 43.0)	17.5 (10.4, 40.1)	-1.112	0.266
PCT (ng/mL)	1.2 (0.6, 2.3)	1.1 (0.4, 2.1)	1.2 (0.7, 2.4)	-1.182	0.237
Ascites (%)	192 (96.5)	37 (92.5)	155 (97.5)	1.101	0.126
AKI (%)	95 (47.7)	9 (22.5)	86 (54.1)	12.782	< 0.001
HE (%)	106 (53.3)	6 (15.0)	100 (62.9)	29.449	< 0.001
AVB (%)	39 (19.6)	5 (12.5)	34 (21.4)	1.601	0.206
COSSH-ACLF scores	6.5 (5.9, 7.5)	5.4 (5.2, 5.9)	6.8 (6.1, 7.9)	-7.851	< 0.001

χ²/t/Z value and P value represent the comparison between the AD and ACLF groups. AD: Acute decompensation; ACLF: Acute-on-chronic liver failure; SIRS: Systemic inflammation response syndrome; MAP: Mean arterial pressure; BIs: Bacterial infections; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; WBC: White blood cells; NEUT: Neutrophil count; HGB: Hemoglobin; PLT: Platelet; ALB: Albumin; TBIL: Total bilirubin; DBIL: Direct bilirubin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; Cr: Creatinine; Na: Sodium; INR: International normalized ratio; PTA: Prothrombin activity; CRP: C-reactive protein; PCT: Procalcitonin; AKI: Acute kidney injury; HE: Hepatic encephalopathy; AVB: Acute variceal bleed; COSSH: Chinese Group on the Study of Severe Hepatitis B.