Prevalence and associated factors of suicide among hospitalized schizophrenic patients

Table 1 Comparison of basic characteristics and clinical outcomes of schizophrenic patients with different levels of suicide risk

Characteristics	Total (n = 214)	No risk (n = 172)	Low risk (n = 20)	Moderate/Severe risk (n = 22)	P value
Sociodemographic
Sex					0.059
Male	169 (79.0)	139 (82.2)	17 (10.1)	13 (7.7)
Female	45 (21.0)	33 (73.3)	3 (6.7)	9 (20.0)
Age (yr) (n = 213)	37.9 (32.2-47.3)	38.9 (33.4-47.4)	33.5 (31.2-47.8)	32.9 (22.7-43.7)	0.051
Educational level					0.962
Uneducated	18 (8.4)	16 (88.8)	1 (5.6)	1 (5.6)
1-6 yr	93 (43.5)	74 (79.6)	10 (10.7)	9 (9.7)
7-9 yr	53 (24.8)	43 (81.1)	4 (7.6)	6 (11.3)
10-12 yr	33 (15.4)	24 (72.7)	4 (12.1)	5 (15.2)
13 yr or more	17 (7.9)	15 (88.2)	1 (5.9)	1 (5.9)
Marital status					0.433
Single	145 (67.8)	117 (80.7)	15 (10.3)	13 (9.0)
Married	32 (14.9)	28 (87.5)	1 (3.1)	3 (9.40)
Divorced/Separated	31 (14.5)	22 (71.0)	3 (9.7)	6 (19.3)
Widowed	6 (2.8)	5 (83.3)	1 (16.7)	0 (0)
Occupation					0.396
Unemployed	81 (37.8)	61 (75.3)	9 (11.1)	11 (13.6)
Laborer	81 (37.8)	68 (83.9)	5 (6.2)	8 (9.9)
Agriculturist	32 (15.0)	27 (84.4)	3 (9.4)	2 (6.2)
Entrepreneur	11 (5.1)	10 (90.9)	0 (0)	1 (9.1)
Government officer	1 (0.5)	1 (100.0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
State enterprise/Private agency	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Student	1 (0.5)	1 (100.0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Priest	7 (3.3)	4 (57.1)	3 (42.9)	0 (0)
Personal annual income (US dollars1) (n = 204)	1125 (563-1875)	1125 (563-1969)	750 (300-1875)	1875 (938-1875)	0.235
Household annual income (US dollars1) (n = 203)	2438 (1125-3750)	2250 (1125-3750)	1875 (938-3750)	3188 (1875-5625)	0.263
Debt (n = 204)					0.132
No	142 (69.6)	113 (79.6)	16 (11.3)	13 (9.1)
Yes	62 (30.4)	52 (83.9)	2 (3.2)	8 (12.9)
Mental illness
Major depressive episode: Current					< 0.001a
No	205 (95.8)	171 (83.4)	19 (9.3)	15 (7.3)
Yes	9 (4.2)	1 (11.1)	1 (11.1)	7 (77.8)
ICD10: Schizophrenia type					0.083
Paranoid	147 (68.7)	120 (81.6)	13 (8.8)	14 (9.5)
Disorganized	3 (1.4)	2 (66.7)	1 (33.3)	0 (0)
Catatonic	1 (0.5)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (100.0)
Undifferentiated	62 (28.9)	50 (80.6)	6 (9.7)	6 (9.68)
Postschizophrenia depression	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Residual	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Simple schizophrenia	1 (0.5)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (100.0)
Duration of schizophrenia (yr) (n = 209)	3.79 (0.04-10.39)	3.49 (0.04-10.38)	9.86 (0.04-14.22)	1.38 (0.02-8.95)	0.137
Medication in previous month
Oral antipsychotic drugs
Clozapine					0.775
Not received	140 (65.4)	114 (81.4)	13 (9.3)	13 (9.3)
Received	74 (34.6)	58 (78.4)	7 (9.4)	9 (12.2)
Dose (mg/d)	100 (50-100)	100 (50-100)	100 (50-100)	100 (50-100)
Risperidone					0.511
Not received	179 (83.6)	145 (81.0)	15 (8.4)	19 (10.6)
Received	35 (16.4)	27 (77.1)	5 (14.3)	3 (8.6)
Dose (mg/d)	4 (4-6)	4 (4-6)	6 (6-6)	4 (2-6)
Haloperidol					0.536
Not received	199 (93.0)	159 (79.9)	20 (10.0)	20 (10.0)
Received	15 (7.0)	13 (86.6)	0 (0)	2 (13.3)
Dose (mg/d)	10 (8-10)	10 (8-10)	0 (0)	9 (8-10)
Trifluoperazine					0.097
Not received	167 (78.0)	131 (78.4)	15 (9.0)	21 (12.6)
Received	47 (22.0)	41 (87.2)	5 (10.7)	1 (2.1)
Dose (mg/d)	20 (15-20)	20 (15-20)	20 (20-20)	20 (20-20)
Perphenazine					0.518
Not received	139 (65.0)	113 (81.3)	14 (10.1)	12 (8.6)
Received	75 (35.0)	59 (78.7)	6 (8.0)	10 (13.3)
Dose (mg/d)	24 (16-24)	24 (16-24)	24 (24-24)	16 (16-24)
Chlorpromazine					0.112
Not received	156 (72.9)	122 (78.2)	14 (9.0)	20 (12.8)
Received	58 (27.1)	50 (86.2)	6 (10.4)	2 (2.4)
Dose (mg/d)	50 (50-50)	50 (50-50)	50 (50-50)	50 (50-50)
Long-acting antipsychotic drugs
Fluphenazine decanoate					0.008a
Not received	160 (74.8)	128 (80.0)	11 (6.9)	21 (13.1)
Received	54 (25.2)	44 (81.5)	9 (16.7)	1 (1.8)
Dose (mg/mo)	25 (25-25)	25 (25-25)	25 (25-25)	25 (25-25)
Haloperidol decanoate					0.337
Not received	198 (92.5)	160 (80.8)	17 (8.6)	21 (10.6)
Received	16 (7.5)	12 (75.0)	3 (18.8)	1 (6.2)
Dose (mg/mo)	50 (50-50)	50 (50-50)	50 (50-50)	50 (50-50)
Anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs
AMA2					0.605
Not received	199 (93.0)	158 (79.4)	20 (10.1)	21 (10.5)
Received	15 (7.0)	14 (93.3)	0 (0)	1 (6.7)
Clonazepam					1.000
Not received	203 (94.9)	163 (80.3)	19 (9.4)	21 (10.3)
Received	11 (5.1)	9 (81.8)	1 (9.1)	1 (9.1)
Dose (mg/d)	2 (2-2)	2 (2-2)	2 (2-2)	2 (2-2)
Lorazepam					0.161
Not received	202 (94.4)	163 (80.7)	20 (9.9)	19 (9.4)
Received	12 (5.6)	9 (75.0)	0 (0)	3 (25.0)
Dose (mg/d)	2 (1-2)	2 (1-2)	0 (0)	2 (1-2)
Diazepam					0.931
Not received	186 (86.9)	148 (79.6)	18 (9.7)	20 (10.7)
Received	28 (13.1)	24 (85.7)	2 (7.1)	2 (7.1)
Dose (mg/d)	10 (5-10)	7.5 (5-10)	10 (10-10)	10 (10-10)
Antidepressants
Fluoxetine					< 0.001a
Not received	201 (93.9)	169 (84.1)	19 (9.4)	13 (6.5)
Received	13 (6.1)	3 (23.1)	1 (7.7)	9 (69.2)
Dose (mg/d)	20 (20-20)	20 (20-20)	20 (20-20)	20 (20-20)
Sertraline					0.483
Not received	211 (98.6)	170 (80.6)	20 (9.5)	21 (9.9)
Received	3 (1.4)	2 (66.7)	0 (0)	1 (33.3)
Dose (mg/d)	50 (50-50)	50 (50-50)	0 (0)	50 (50-50)
Mianserin					0.196
Not received	213 (99.5)	172 (80.7)	20 (9.4)	21 (9.9)
Received	1 (0.5)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (100.0)
Dose (mg/d)	30 (30-30)	0 (0)	0 (0)	30 (30-30)
Other drugs
Lithium carbonate					0.018a
Not received	189 (88.3)	157 (83.1)	15 (7.9)	17 (9.0)
Received	25 (11.7)	15 (60.0)	5 (20.0)	5 (20.0)
Dose (mg/d)	600 (600-600)	600 (600-600)	600 (600-600)	600 (600-600)
Valproate					0.161
Not received	201 (93.9)	163 (81.1)	17 (8.5)	21 (10.4)
Received	13 (6.1)	9 (69.2)	3 (23.1)	1 (7.7)
Dose (mg/d)	600 (400-600)	600 (400-600)	600 (600-800)	600 (600-600)
Trihexyphenidyl HCl					0.637
Not received	18 (8.4)	14 (77.7)	1 (5.6)	3 (16.7)
Received	196 (91.6)	158 (80.6)	19 (9.7)	19 (9.7)
Dose (mg/d)	4 (4-6)	4 (4-6)	4 (4-6)	4 (4-6)
Level of medication compliance					0.413
Score less than 5	133 (62.2)	110 (82.7)	12 (9.0)	11 (8.3)
Score 5 or more	81 (37.8)	62 (76.5)	8 (9.9)	11 (13.6)
History of treatment
Electroconvulsive therapy					0.290
No	150 (70.1)	124 (82.7)	11 (7.3)	15 (10.0)
Yes	64 (29.9)	48 (75.0)	9 (14.1)	7 (10.9)
Psychotherapy					0.232
No	200 (93.5)	162 (81.0)	17 (8.5)	21 (10.5)
Yes	14 (6.5)	10 (71.5)	3 (21.4)	1 (7.1)
Family therapy					NA
No	214 (100.0)	172 (80.4)	20 (9.3)	22 (10.3)
Yes	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Other treatment					1.000
No	205 (95.8)	164 (80.0)	20 (9.8)	21 (10.2)
Yes	9 (4.2)	8 (88.9)	0 (0)	1 (11.1)
Treatment satisfaction (n = 212)	8 (7-10)	8 (7-10)	9 (7-10)	8 (6-10)	0.379
Other indices
Charlson Comorbidity index score (n = 213)					0.086
None (0 score)	207 (97.2)	169 (81.6)	18 (8.7)	20 (9.7)
Low (1-2 score)	4 (1.8)	2 (50.0)	1 (25.0)	1 (25.0)
Moderate (3-4 score)	1 (0.5)	1 (100.0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
High (5 score or more)	1 (0.5)	0 (0)	1 (100.0)	0 (0)
Psychosocial score (n = 208)	21 (18-25)	21 (18-25)	19 (18-24)	20 (18-23)	0.214
Level of psychosocial score (n = 208)					0.128
Good (less than 25 score)	156 (75.0)	120 (76.9)	17 (10.9)	19 (12.2)
Poor (25 score or more)	52 (25.0)	47 (90.3)	2 (3.9)	3 (5.8)
Weapons and toxic chemicals accessibility score (n = 208)	18 (9.5-29)	18 (10-28)	19 (11-30)	15 (9-30)	0.585
Level of weapons and toxic chemicals accessibility score (n = 208)					0.791
Low (less than 25 score)	142 (68.3)	114 (80.2)	12 (8.5)	16 (11.3)
High (25 score or more)	66 (31.7)	53 (80.3)	7 (10.6)	6 (9.1)

¹One US dollar approximately equals 32 Thai baht.

²AMA is a combined medication: amobarbital 50 mg and chlorpromazine HCl 25 mg.

^aP < 0.05. Data are n (%) or median (Interquartile range). P values were derived from the Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables and Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. MINI: Mini international neuropsychiatric interview; n: Frequency.