Upper esophageal sphincter abnormalities on high-resolution esophageal manometry and treatment response of type II achalasia

Table 5 Comparisons between upper esophageal sphincter abnormal and upper esophageal sphincter normal patients in the lower esophageal sphincter abnormal group

		UES abnormal (n = 133) [n (%)]	UES normal (n = 155) [n (%)]	P value
Gender	Male	57 (42.86)	69 (44.52)	0.778
	Female	76 (57.14)	86 (55.48)
Age (yr; mean ± SD)		47.74 ± 12.94	44.99 ± 12.20	0.064
HREM results
Mean DCI (mmHg/s/cm; mean ± SD)		1099.10 ± 1019.93	1137.84 ± 1030.13	0.750
Failed swallow		62 (46.62)	68 (43.87)	0.641
Panesophageal pressurization		21 (15.79)	18 (11.61)	0.303
Early contraction		21 (15.79)	21 (13.55)	0.592
Rapid contraction		18 (13.53)	19 (12.26)	0.747
Small-break		76 (57.14)	76 (49.03)	0.170
Large-break		20 (15.04)	25 (16.13)	0.800
Achalasia		13 (9.77)	5 (3.23)	0.022a
Type I		0 (0.00)	0 (0.00)	-
Type II		13 (9.77)	4 (2.58)	0.010a
Type III		0 (0.00)	1 (0.65)	0.354
Distal esophageal spasm		1 (0.80)	0 (0.00)	0.280
Hypercontractile esophagus		0 (0.00)	1 (0.65)	0.354
Fragmented contraction		2 (7.14)	22 (14.19)	0.728
Normal contraction		17 (12.78)	119 (76.77)	0.189
Weak contraction		12 (9.02)	9 (5.81)	0.296
Failed contraction		13 (9.77)	12 (7.74)	0.542
Symptoms
Dysphagia		10 (7.52)	9 (5.81)	0.560
Heartburn		42 (31.58)	57 (36.77)	0.380
Abdominal pain		35 (25.32)	41 (26.45)	0.990
Chest pain		23 (14.84)	37 (23.87)	0.171
Sour regurgitation		66 (42.58)	92 (59.35)	0.099
Ructus		63 (40.65)	91 (58.71)	0.055
Cough		13 (8.39)	7 (4.52)	0.081
Hiccup		9 (5.81)	13 (8.39)	0.606
Globus hystericus		49 (31.61)	62 (40.00)	0.584
Others		58 (43.61)	64 (41.29)	0.692

Level significance is indicated as follows:

^aP < 0.05. UES: Upper esophageal sphincter; LES: Lower esophageal sphincter; DCI: Distal contraction integral; EGJ: Esophagogastric junction.