Upper esophageal sphincter abnormalities on high-resolution esophageal manometry and treatment response of type II achalasia

Table 4 Comparisons between upper esophageal sphincter abnormal and upper esophageal sphincter normal patients in the lower esophageal sphincter normal group

		UES abnormal (n = 101) [n (%)]	UES normal (n = 109) [n (%)]	P value
Gender	Male	55 (54.46)	56 (51.38)	0.656
	Female	46 (45.54)	53 (48.62)
Age (yr; mean ± SD)		47.35 ± 13.40	42.82 ± 12.08	0.011a
HREM results
Mean DCI (mmHg/s/cm; mean ± SD)		938.30 ± 712.85	977.91 ± 728.41	0.691
Failed swallow		44 (43.56)	48 (44.04)	0.945
Panesophageal pressurization		0 (0.00)	0 (0.00)	-
Early contraction		15 (14.85)	15 (13.76)	0.822
Rapid contraction		11 (10.89)	9 (8.26)	0.517
Small-break		69 (68.32)	66 (60.55)	0.242
Large-break		17 (16.83)	24 (22.02)	0.345
Achalasia		0 (0.00)	0 (0.00)	-
EGJ outflow obstruction		0 (0.00)	0 (0.00)	-
Distal esophageal spasm		4 (3.96)	2 (1.83)	0.357
Hypercontractile esophagus		0 (0.00)	0 (0.00)	-
Fragmented contraction		13 (12.87)	21 (19.27)	0.210
Normal contraction		76 (75.25)	79 (72.48)	0.428
Weak contraction		12 (11.88)	9 (8.26)	0.383
Failed contraction		2 (1.98)	3 (2.75)	0.518
Symptoms
Dysphagia		1 (0.99)	9 (8.26)	0.014a
Heartburn		35 (34.65)	42 (38.53)	0.561
Abdominal pain		30 (29.70)	35 (32.11)	0.707
Chest pain		17 (16.83)	28 (25.69)	0.119
Sour regurgitation		60 (59.41)	61 (55.96)	0.615
Ructus		46 (45.54)	46 (42.20)	0.627
Cough		9 (8.91)	6 (5.50)	0.339
Hiccup		8 (7.92)	11 (10.09)	0.585
Globus hystericus		33 (32.67)	41 (37.61)	0.455
Others		46 (45.54)	47 (43.12)	0.724

Level significance is indicated as follows:

^aP < 0.05. UES: Upper esophageal sphincter; LES: Lower esophageal sphincter; DCI: Distal contraction integral; EGJ: Esophagogastric junction.