Cardiovascular impact of COVID-19 with a focus on children: A systematic review

Table 7 Description of the case or case series of cardiac involvement in pediatric patients with pre-existing cardiac condition and coronavirus disease-2019

Authors	Description
Grafmann et al[158]	A 16-yr-old girl with history of treated congenital mitral valve disease with pulmonary hypertension, atrial arrhythmias and mitral valve stenosis, who is admitted for signs of respiratory infection positive for SARS-CoV-2 which produced no signs of myocardial involvement with a full recovery.
Zheng et al[161]	A 8-mo and 1-yr-old boys with pre-existing congenital heart disease, presented critical COVID-19 with increased cardiac enzymes, requiring mechanical ventilation and venous-venous hemodiafiltration. These two patients presented the more aggressive SARS-CoV-2 infection among the 25 patients reported in this case series. They presented a full-recovery.
Krishnan et al[157]	A 3-yr-old boy with Down syndrome, repaired atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD), and pulmonary hypertension was presented a critical case of COVID-19 confirmed by PCR test. He received methylprednisone, azithromycin, and hydroxychloroquine, and continuous positive airway pressure. The patients presented prolongation of the QTc interval on electrocardiogram with posterior full recovery.
Salik et al[159]	A 15-d-old baby girl was diagnosed with Tetralogy of Fallot prenatally. The infant's mother was diagnosed with COVID- 19 postpartum. On day 7 of life, the infant experienced desaturation to SpO2 60–65%, tachypnea, worsening cyanosis. A COVID nasopharyngeal swab was positive; and the infant exhibited frequent spells requiring supplemental oxygen. Due to sustained hypoxemia with SpO2 55%-65%, so it was decided that Blalock- Taussig shunt placement with good clinical evolution.
Russell et al[160]	A 3-yr-old female patient with history of heart transplant in 2017 for congenital dilated cardiomyopathy. In the first week of March she developed a mild clinical picture consisting of rhinorrhoea and a productive cough and nasal congestion that did not require hospital admission. Several weeks later, in a review by protocol, COVID 1 PCR was performed with positive results. The patient evolved favourably.
Linnane et al[156]	A 10-yr-old boy with a background of double inlet left ventricle, pulmonary atresia, atrial septal defect, and a right aortic arch. He proceeded to have a bidirectional Glenn procedure and completed a total cavopulmonary connection via an extra cardiac fenestrated Fontan surgery at 3 yr and 10 mo. He was admitted for signs of respiratory infection positive for SARS-CoV-2. The patient required admission to intensive care, with gradual improvement and good evolution.
Sabatino et al[176]	An Italian, observational, multi-center survey of patients with congenital heart disease affected by COVID-19 was conducted and included two pediatric-aged patients. The first patient is one year old with a history of transposition of great arteries, pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect. The second patient had pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect and the third patient had a transposition of great arteries. No increase in mortality was observed in this group, with full recovery of all patients.
Xia et al[128]	The authors reported the clinical, laboratory, and chest CT features of 20 pediatric inpatients with COVID-19 infection confirmed by pharyngeal swab COVID-19 nucleic acid test. Two patients presented a pre-existing cardiac condition and survived previous surgery for atrial septal defect. The patients did not require any intensive treatment and presented a full recovery.
Simpson et al[155]	They presented seven children with congenital heart disease and COVID-19. Three patients had atrioventricular canal defect and trisomy 21, one had double inlet left ventricle with Fontan palliation by cardiac transplant 8 years ago, one had hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, one history of anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery surgically repaired at 2-mo-of-age. Four of the seven developed cardiac arrhythmias or new electrocardiogram abnormalities. All seven developed acute decompensation, with one death in an 18-yr-old with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Climent et al[162]	A 5 mo-old infant with personal history of Hurler syndrome and severe dilated cardiomyopathy with myocardial dysfunction presented a worsening of his cardiac status during SARS-CoV-2 infection, leading to cardiac arrest and death after 72 h of admission.

PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; CT: Computed tomography.