Review of simulation model for education of point-of-care ultrasound using easy-to-make tools

Table 2 Method and time to produce of simulator according to surrounding materials used in simulators

Surrounding materials	Ref.	Heating	Refrigeration	Time to produce	Target simulator	Material for target simulator
Gelatin based	Lo et al[18]	Required	At least 4 h to firm	at least 5 h	Soft tissue abscess	Ultrasound gel
	Wilson et al[53]
	Chao et al[23]	Required	NA	NA	Soft tissue abscess, central vein access, foreign body	Pipette bulbs with water, latex rubber tube, NA
	Seguin and Tessaro[29]	Required	Required, overnight at 4°C	NA	Intubation. Trachea, esophagus	Holes, the block that came out when making the hole
	Merali et al[13]
	Do and Lee[28]	NA	NA	NA	Lung, A-lines, B-lines, pleural effusion	Dressing material (Medifoam®, Mundipharma, South Korea), balloon with water
	Zerth et al[26]	Required	Required for at least 2 h	NA	Pericardial effusion	Balloon with red food coloring water
	Cuévas Gonzales[25]	Required	Required for 2 h	NA	Eye (normal, foreign body, ONS, dislocation of lens, vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment)	Printing was required using aluminum paper mold on gelatin
	Murphy et al[15]	Required	Required	At least 30 min	ONS	Ping-pong ball, Vinyl tube + a stylet of 18-guage needle with metal tip
	Soucy et al[27]	Required	Required	NA	Skull fracture	Coconut
	Amato et al[24]	Required	Required	NA	Vascular access	Removed plastic tube
	Cheruparambath et al[22]	Required	Required	NA	Vascular access	Plastic tube
	Chao et al[23]	Required	Required	NA	Vascular access	Latex rubber tube
	Rathbun et al[39]	Required	Required	Approximately 2–3 h	Nerve block	Hot dog and straw
Agar based	Earle et al[32]	Required	Cooling at room temperature	NA	Vascular access	Penrose drain or long latex balloon
	Nikitichev et al[33]	Required	Cooling at room temperature	NA	Vascular access	Removed rod
Ballistics gel based	Morrow et al[35]	Required	Cooling at room temperature	Various time according to heating methods	Soft tissue abscess	Water
	Seguin and Tessaro[29]	Required	Cooling at room temperature	At least 1 h	Intubation	Marker embedded in surrounding materials
	Young and Kuntz[38]	Required	Cooling at room temperature, ice underneath the plastic manikin torso	NA	Pericardial effusion	Ping-pong ball in 250 cc normal saline bag
	Morrow and Broder[34]	Required	Cooling at room temperature	Less than 1 h	Vascular access	Latex tube
	Amini et al[36]	Required	Cooling at room temperature	NA	Vascular access	Removed plumbing tube
Gel and wax based	Campo Dell’orto et al[20]	Required	Not required	1 h	Pericardial effusion	Celluloid table tennis ball with red colored water in balloon
	Daly et al[37]	Required	Cooling at room temperature for 1 h	NA	Pericardial effusion	Ping-pong ball in 250 cc normal saline bag

NA: Not applicable; ONS: Optic nerve sheath.