Correlation between crowdedness in emergency departments and anxiety in Chinese patients

Table 4 Factors associated with trait anxiety of inpatients and outpatients in emergency departments analyzed using a generalized linear regression model

	Trait anxiety
	Inpatients (n = 173)		Outpatients (n = 216)
	Estimate (SE)	P value	Estimate (SE)	P value
Age	0.034 (0.022)	0.120	0.010 (0.011)	0.351
Gender
Male	-1.988 (0.848)	0.019	-0.077 (0.374)	0.837
Female (ref.)
Education level
Primary school	2.942 (1.840)	0.110	1.225 (1.091)	0.262
Middle school	1.074 (1.742)	0.538	0.210 (1.054)	0.842
College or university	0.721 (1.789)	0.687	0.460 (1.083)	0.671
Master’s degree (ref.)
Marriage
Not married	1.867 (3.106)	0.548	-0.393 (1.681)	0.815
Married	-0.882 (2.546)	0.729	-0.783 (1.363)	0.566
Divorced	-3.200 (3.522)	0.364	-3.750 (2.323)	0.106
Widowed	0.642 (2.631)	0.807	0.059 (1.374)	0.966
Had a partner (ref.)
Alcohol drinking
Abstaining	-0.560 (2.356)	0.812	1.308 (0.430)	0.002
Social drinking	-0.762 (2.740)	0.781	1.114 (0.924)	0.228
Heavy drinking	-1.833 (2.688)	0.495	0.346 (0.521)	0.507
Occasional drinking	-2.033 (2.511)	0.418	(ref.)
Alcoholism (ref.)
Smoking
Never smoked	1.538 (1.245)	0.217	1.174 (0.413)	0.005
Current smoker	-0.531 (1.384)	0.701	0.573 (0.553)	0.300
Stopped smoking (ref.)
Time of admission to ED	-0.027 (0.013)	0.041	-0.016 (0.003)	< 0.001
Waiting time in ED	0.046 (0.027)	0.050	-0.072 (0.012)	< 0.001
Number of patients	-0.007 (0.003)	0.031	-0.014 (0.005)	0.004
Number of nurses	-0.001 (0.001)	0.042	-0.005 (0.002)	0.002
Hospitalization time	0.001 (0.002)	0.677	-0.005 (0.008)	0.566
Hospitalization cost
≤ 1000	-0.551 (1.414)	0.697	0.973 (0.640)	0.128
1001-3000	-0.386 (1.244)	0.756	0.727 (0.608)	0.232
3001-20000	0.649 (1.043)	0.534	-0.214 (0.690)	0.756
≥ 20000 (ref.)
Hypertension control
0	0.660 (2.497)	0.791	-0.033 (1.309)	0.980
1	0.767 (2.578)	0.766	0.026 (1.310)	0.984
2 (ref.)
Diabetes
No	-0.536 (1.043)	0.607	-0.752 (0.403)	0.062
Yes (ref.)
Stroke
No	0.011 (1.350)	0.994	-1.852 (0.713)	0.009
Yes (ref.)
Coronary heart disease
No	-0.896 (0.907)	0.323	-0.733 (0.328)	0.026
Yes (ref.)
Thyroid disease
No	-3.606 (5.297)	0.496	-0.122 (1.662)	0.942
Yes (ref.)
Malignant tumor
No	1.290 (5.509)	0.815	1.729 (0.788)	0.028
Yes (ref.)
Arrhythmia
No	-2.265 (1.250)	0.070	-1.158 (0.510)	0.023
Yes (ref.)
Severity grade
0	13.388 (3.756)	< 0.001	-1.967 (1.050)	0.061
1	11.160 (3.783)	0.003	(ref.)
2	11.864 (3.875)	0.002
3 (ref.)
Location
Emergency room	-1.419 (5.508)	0.797	-2.786 (1.042)	0.008
Observing area	-3.103 (5.580)	0.578	(ref.)
Infusion area (ref.)
Disease
Headache
No	2.102 (1.255)	0.094	-0.905 (0.841)	0.282
Yes (ref.)
Chest pain
No	0.908 (1.003)	0.365	0.175 (0.402)	0.663
Yes (ref.)
Abdominal pain
No	0.411 (1.183)	0.729	0.940 (0.644)	0.144
Yes (ref.)
Dyspnea
No	0.480 (0.916)	0.601	-0.801 (0.399)	0.045
Yes (ref.)
Gastrointestinal bleeding
No	-1.448 (1.887)	0.443	1.056 (0.896)	0.239
Yes (ref.)
Palpitation
No	0.107 (0.956)	0.911	-0.370 (0.410)	0.367
Yes (ref.)
Syncope
No	0.783 (1.378)	0.570	-0.223 (0.724)	0.758
Yes (ref.)
Hemoptysis
No	0.309 (3.209)	0.923	1.897 (1.657)	0.252
Yes (ref.)
Cough and sputum
No	0.771 (1.164)	0.508	-0.017 (0.562)	0.976
Yes (ref.)
Trauma
No	1.301 (5.537)	0.814	0.000 (0.000)	NA
Yes (ref.)
Cardiovascular disease
No	0.979 (1.997)	0.624	-0.124 (1.185)	0.916
Yes (ref.)
Degree of crowdedness	-0.006 (0.003)	0.026	-0.009 (0.004)	0.013
State anxiety	0.328 (0.068)	< 0.001	0.615 (0.053)	< 0.001

ED: Emergency department.