Correlation between crowdedness in emergency departments and anxiety in Chinese patients

Table 3 Factors influencing state anxiety of inpatients and outpatients in emergency departments analyzed by generalized linear regression method

	State anxiety
	Inpatients (n = 173)		Outpatients (n = 216)
	Estimate (SE)	P value	Estimate (SE)	P value
Age	-0.005 (0.024)	0.827	0.015 (0.011)	0.190
Gender
Male	-1.151 (0.907)	0.204	0.071 (0.379)	0.852
Female (ref.)
Education level
Primary school	-2.385 (1.956)	0.223	1.735 (1.109)	0.118
Middle school	-3.071 (1.852)	0.097	1.171 (1.071)	0.274
College or university	-2.373 (1.901)	0.212	0.938 (1.101)	0.394
Master’s degree (ref.)
Marriage
Not married	3.067 (3.304)	0.353	-1.214 (1.684)	0.471
Married	-0.291 (2.708)	0.915	-1.213 (1.366)	0.374
Divorced	-1.600 (3.746)	0.669	-3.000 (2.327)	0.197
Widowed	-0.088 (2.799)	0.975	0.068 (1.376)	0.961
Had a partner (ref.)
Alcohol drinking
Abstaining	-5.072 (2.456)	0.039	0.573 (0.444)	0.197
Social drinking	-4.381 (2.856)	0.125	-0.360 (0.953)	0.706
Heavy drinking	-7.167 (2.802)	0.011	0.329 (0.538)	0.540
Occasional drinking	-5.800 (2.618)	0.027	(ref.)
Alcoholism (ref.)
Smoking
Never smoked	0.036 (1.334)	0.978	0.852 (0.421)	0.053
Current smoker	0.466 (1.484)	0.753	0.912 (0.564)	0.106
Stopped smoking (ref.)
Time of admission to ED	-0.038 (0.014)	0.006	-0.011 (0.002)	< 0.001
Waiting time in ED	0.116 (0.028)	< 0.001	-0.049 (0.013)	< 0.001
Number of patients	0.010 (0.003)	0.002	-0.008 (0.004)	0.050
Number of nurses	0.002 (0.001)	0.004	-0.005 (0.002)	< 0.001
Hospitalization time	0.007 (0.002)	0.002	-0.010 (0.007)	0.134
Hospitalization cost
≤ 1000	-4.421 (1.405)	0.002	0.376 (0.649)	0.562
1001-3000	-5.321 (1.236)	< 0.0001	0.382 (0.617)	0.536
3001-20000	-2.508 (1.037)	0.0156	-0.743 (0.700)	0.289
≥ 20000 (ref.)
Hypertension control
0	-1.177 (2.862)	0.681	-0.833 (1.084)	0.442
1	-0.767 (2.955)	0.795	-1.641 (1.085)	0.131
2 (ref.)
Diabetes
No	-1.881 (1.074)	0.080	-0.693 (0.348)	0.046
Yes (ref.)
Stroke
No	2.551 (1.390)	0.067	-1.157 (0.621)	0.062
Yes (ref.)
Coronary heart disease
No	-0.046 (0.945)	0.961	-0.898 (0.280)	0.001
Yes (ref.)
Thyroid disease
No	1.652 (5.645)	0.770	-0.603 (1.436)	0.674
Yes (ref.)
Malignant tumor
No	0.110 (5.723)	0.985	1.174 (0.684)	0.086
Yes (ref.)
Arrhythmia
No	-1.196 (1.309)	0.361	-1.034 (0.440)	0.019
Yes (ref.)
Severity grade
0	11.950 (3.917)	0.002	-1.943 (0.905)	0.032
1	10.060 (3.946)	0.011	(ref.)
2	11.136 (4.041)	0.006
3 (ref.)
Location
Emergency room	3.315 (5.678)	0.559	-1.943 (0.905)	0.032
Observing area	2.103 (5.752)	0.715	(ref.)
Infusion area (ref.)
Disease
Headache
No	-0.001 (1.316)	0.100	-0.621 (0.727)	0.393
Yes (ref.)
Chest pain
No	-0.718 (1.042)	0.491	0.411 (0.347)	0.236
Yes (ref.)
Abdominal pain
No	1.449 (1.224)	0.237	0.125 (0.559)	0.823
Yes (ref.)
Dyspnea
No	-2.715 (0.927)	0.003	-0.506 (0.346)	0.144
Yes (ref.)
Gastrointestinal bleeding
No	5.286 (1.918)	0.006	1.080 (0.774)	0.163
Yes (ref.)
Palpitation
No	0.493 (0.993)	0.619	-0.515 (0.354)	0.145
Yes (ref.)
Syncope
No	-1.029 (1.431)	0.472	-0.390 (0.625)	0.532
Yes (ref.)
Hemoptysis
No	2.472 (3.328)	0.458	0.911 (1.435)	0.526
Yes (ref.)
Cough and sputum
No	-0.833 (1.209)	0.491	0.470 (0.485)	0.332
Yes (ref.)
Trauma
No	1.052 (5.728)	0.854	0.000 (0.000)	NA
Yes (ref.)
Cardiovascular disease
No	-0.959 (2.075)	0.644	0.414 (1.025)	0.686
Yes (ref.)
Degree of crowdedness	0.006 (0.003)	0.049	-0.004 (0.004)	0.259
Trait anxiety	0.367 (0.076)	< 0. 001	0.632 (0.054)	< 0. 001

ED: Emergency department.