Assessment of diaphragmatic function by ultrasonography: Current approach and perspectives

Table 3 Principal causes of diaphragmatic dysfunction

Surgery	Inflammatory lesion	Compression	Central neurological disease
Cardiac; Neck, cervical; Abdominal; Transplantation (Heart, lung liver)	Viral; Demyelinating neuropathy; (Guillain-Barré syndrome) ; Parsonnage-turner syndrome	Malignancy; Goiter; Arthrosis (cervical); Lymph node Abdominal HTP	Stroke; Medullary transection; Multiple sclerosis; Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Poliomyelitis
Medical procedure	Connective tissue diseases	Respiratory disease	Myopathy, muscular disease
Central vein cannulation; AF ablation; Nervous blockade	Systematic lupus erythematosus; (Shrinking lung syndrome); Dermatomyositis; Mixed connective-tissue disease	COPD; Asthma; Pleural effusion; Pneumothorax; Alveolar consolidation; Atelectasis	Duchenne muscular dystrophy; Myasthenia gravis; Myotonic dystrophy; Polymyositis; Dysthyroidism; Sarcopenia
Trauma	Others	Toxic	Critically ill patients
Chest; Brain; Spinal cord	Idiopathic; Electrolyte disorders; Amyloidosis; Pompe disease; Lyme disease	Botulism; Organophosphates; Glucocorticoids; Cordarone	Critical-illness polyneuropathy; Mechanical ventilation