Assessment of diaphragmatic function by ultrasonography: Current approach and perspectives

Table 2 Average values in millimeters for the right hemidiaphragm thickness

	Body position	Thickness at the end of expiration		Thickness at deep inspiration		Ratio
		Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Cardenas et al[13], (n = 64)	Semi-recumbent	1.9 ± 0.3, LLN = 1.25	1.79 ± 0.3, LLN = 1.23	5.6 ± 0.9 (TLC), LLN = 3.83	4.8 ± 1 (TLC), LLN = 2.91	TF = 204% ± 62%, LLN = 80%	TF = 170% ± 44%, LLN = 82%
Boon et al[43], (n = 150)	Supine	3.8 ± 1.5 (FRC), LLN = 1.7	2.7 ± 1 (FRC), LLN=1.5			TR = 1.7 ± 1.9, LLN = 1.2	TR = 1.7 ± 1.9, LLN = 1.3
Ueki et al[5], (n = 13)	Sitting	1.7 ± 0.2 (FRC), 1.6 ± 0.2 (RV)		4.4 ± 1.4 (max insp. Pressure)		Thickness pimax/FRC = 2.6 ± 0.7 (2-3.9)
Zhu et al[37], (n = 60)	Supine	1.6 ± 0.4 (FRC) (1.5-1.8)		3.1 ± 0.8 (TLC) (3-3.3)		TR = 1.99 ± 0.48 (1.81-2.04)
Baria et al[38], (n = 150)	Supine	3.2 ± 1.3 (1.3-7.3)				TR = 1.8 ± 0.5 (1.2-3.9)
Scarlata et al[31], (n = 66)	Recumbent	1.8 ± 0.4 (FRC)		2.6 ± 0.5 (TLC)		TR = 1.5 ± 0.24
Carrillo-Esper et al[34], (n = 109)	Supine	1.9 ± 0.4 (FRC)	1.4 ± 0.3 (FRC)			TR = 1.7 ± 1.9		TR = 1.7 ± 1.9
Gottesman et al[33], (n = 15)	Standing	2.8 ± 0.4 (FRC)				TF = 37% ± 9% (21-57)
Brown et al[40], (n = 45)	Supine, seated, standing	2.2 (2.1-2.4) (FRC), 2.4 (2.3-2.6) (FRC), 2.5 (2.3-2.8) (FRC)		3.5 (3.4-3.7) TLC, 4.6 (4.4-4.8) TLC, 6.5 (6.1-6.9) TLC		TF = 65% (61-69), TF = 97% (83-110), TF = 174% (151-197)
Kim et al[39], (n = 49)	Supine	2.1 ± 0.5 (FRC)		6.5 ± 1.4 (TLC)		4.4 ± 1.2 (TLC-FRC)

FRC: Functional residual capacity; RV: Residual volume; TLC: Total lung capacity; TR: Thickening ratio; TF: Thickening fraction; LLN: Lower limit of normality.