Assessment of diaphragmatic function by ultrasonography: Current approach and perspectives

Table 1 Normal values in centimeters for the diaphragmatic excursions

Ref.	Position	Quiet breathing				Deep inspiration (TLC)
		Men		Women		Men		Women
		Right	Left	Right	Left	Right	Left	Right	Left
Boussuges et al[49], (n = 210)	Standing	1.8 ± 0.3	1.8 ± 0.4	1.6 ± 0.3	1.6 ± 0.4	7 ± 1.1, LLN = 4.7	7.5 ± 0.9, LLN = 5.6	5.7 ± 1, LLN = 3.6	6.4 ± 1, LLN = 4.3
Cardenas et al[13], (n = 64)	Semi recumbent	1.5 ± 0.4, LLN = 0.7		1.4 ± 0.3, LLN = 0.8		7.8 ± 0.8 LLN = 6.2		6.4 ± 1, LLN = 4.4
Gerscovich et al[10], (n = 23)	Supine	1.39	1.65	1.54	1.55	6.76	78	5.32	6.23
Testa et al[14], (n = 40)	Semi recumbent	18.7 ± 7.7		1.81 ± 0.77		7.79 ± 1.28		7.95 ± 1.4
Jung et al[15], (n = 16)	Semi, recumbent	2.3 ± 0.43	2.43 ± 0.5	2.67 ± 0.59	2.37 ± 0.66	7.16 ± 0.95	7.16 ± 0.56	6.5 ± 0.91	5.78 ± 0.76
Kantarci et al[4], (n = 164)	Supine					5.3 ± 1.1	5.4 ± 1.3	4.7 ± 1	4.8 ± 1
Scarlata et al[9], (n = 100)	Supine	2.03 ± 0.57		1.51 ± 0.37		6.93 ± 1.46		5.54 ± 1.33
Katipoglu et al[16], (n = 230) (median)	Supine					7.1 (6.5-8)	7.1 (6.8-8.5)	6 (5-7)	6.2 (5.2-7.2)

TLC: Total lung capacity; LLN: Lower limit of normality.