How should congenital absence of cruciate ligaments be treated? A case report and literature review

Table 1 Summary of published studies regarding cruciate ligament aplasia

Author	Year (yr)	Symptom age	Symptoms	History of trauma	Treatment
Katz et al[18]	1967	4 patients at 4 Y, 1 patient at 9 Y	5 patients felt I	N	5 patients both O and LR
Thomas et al[27]	1985	12 patients at 2-16 Y	6 patients felt I, 6 patients had no symptoms	N	5 patients O, 7 patients C
Kaelin et al[28]	1986	6 patients at 9-22 Y	6 patients felt I	2 patients H, 4 patients N	6 patients C
De Ponti et al[7]	2001	2 patients at 11 Y	1 patient felt I and P, 1 patient feel I	1 patient H, 1 patient N	2 patients C
Gabos et al[11]	2005	4 patients at 14-17 Y	4 patients feel I	Not mentioned	4 patient LR
Ergün et al[14]	2008	1 patient at 3 Y	1 patient felt I	N	1 patient LR
Kwan et al[29]	2009	3 patients at 38, 7, and 4 Y	1 patient felt P, 2 patients felt I	N	3 patients C
Sonn et al[17]	2014	2 patients at 11 and 4 Y	2 patients feel I and P	2 patients H	1 patient LR, 1 patient O
Bedoya et al[4]	2014	2 patients at 13 Y	2 patients felt I and P	Not mentioned	2 patients LR
Davanzo et al[10]	2017	2 patients at 6 Y, 2 patients at 15 Y	4 patients felt I and P	1 patient H, 3 patients N	2 patients LR, 2 patients C
Total		41 patients at 2-38 Y, children and young people	1 patient felt P; 9 patients felt I and P; 26 patients felt I; 6 patients had no symptom, accounting for 14%	26 patients N; 6 patients not mentioned; 9 patients H, accounting for 31%	10 patients LR; 6 patients O; 5 patients both O and LR; 20 patients C

Y: Years old; P: Pain; I: Instability; H: Have; N: None; C: Conservative; O: Osteotomy; LR: Ligament reconstruction.