Immediate muscle strengthening by an end-effector type gait robot with reduced real-time use of leg muscles: A case series and review of literature

Table 3 Comparison of the real-time electromyographic activities during five-minute training

Dominant side	Intervention	Real-time mean amplitude (mV)	Real-time peak amplitude (mV)	Real-time mean value of AUC (cm2 / s)	Real-time total value of AUC (cm2 / 5 min)
Biceps femoris long head	On the floor	90.7 ± 0.3	473.3 ± 139.8	75.6 ± 11.6	13933489 ± 2142999
	In the robot	90.1 ± 0.8	89.3 ± 8.5a	16.4 ± 1.6a	3028676 ± 296582a
Vastus medialis	On the floor	90.2 ± 0.6	517.2 ± 115.4	68.5 ± 12.2	12631555 ± 2240388
	In the robot	89.8 ± 0.3	192.5 ± 23.6a	42.2 ±3.1a	7781851 ± 579361a
Gastrocnemius medial head	On the floor	90.1 ± 0.3	599.5 ± 124.4	89.2 ± 11.2	16444668 ± 2059635
	In the robot	90.6 ± 1.1	142.9 ± 23.5a	25.9 ± 4.8a	4764851 ± 885854a
Tibialis anterior	On the floor	90.8 ± 0.5	812.8 ± 174.5	115.3 ± 19.6	21254,406 ± 3610903
	In the robot	89.9 ± 0.4	92.0 ± 19.5a	13.9 ± 2.2a	2568851 ± 404428a

^aP < 0.01, Wilcoxon sign rank test, mean ± SE. AUC: Area under curve.