Application of Newcastle disease virus in the treatment of colorectal cancer

Figure 2 The main anti-tumor mechanisms and consequences of NDV infection of tumor cells. NDV enters the cytoplasm of tumor cells by endocytosis, stimulates the host's innate immune response, activates NK cells, monocytes and macrophages and promotes acquired immunity. The antigen presentation of tumor cells is enhanced. NDV can cause the immunogenic cell death of tumor cells via immunogenic apoptosis, necrosis and pyroptosis. HN: Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase; NDV: Newcastle disease virus; NK: Natural killer.