Neuraxial adjuvants for prevention of perioperative shivering during cesarean section: A network meta-analysis following the PRISMA guidelines

Table 1 Characteristics of included trials and patients

First author, year	Size	Intraoperative ambient temperature	Type of anesthesia	Administration method	Local anesthetic	Intervention	Outcomes
Palmer et al[15], 1995	28	Unclear	SA	Intrathecal	5% lidocaine	Fentanyl vs Placebo	③④
Shehabi et al[16], 1990	62	21 °C	EA	Extradural	0.5% bupivacaine	Fentanyl vs Placebo	①
Han et al[17], 2014	60	Unclear	EA	Extradural	0.75% ropivacaine	Fentanyl vs Dexmedetomidine vs Placebo	③
Shami et al[34], 2016	150	24-26 °C	CSEA	Intrathecal	0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine	Pethidine vs Placebo	③④⑤⑥
Techanivate et al[33], 2005	60	23 °C	SA	Intrathecal	0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine plus 0.2 mg morphine	Fentanyl vs Placebo	③④⑤⑥
Roy et al[18], 2004	40	21–23 °C	SA	Intrathecal	0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine plus 0.15 mg morphine	Pethidine vs Placebo	①
Qi et al[19], 2016	118	Unclear	SA	Intrathecal	0.5% bupivacaine	Dexmedetomidine vs Morphine vs Placebo	③④
Chen et al[31], 2010	64	Unclear	SA	Intrathecal	0.75% ropivacaine	Sufentanil vs Placebo	③④⑤⑥
Bachmann-Mennenga et al[21], 2005	60	Unclear	EA	Extradural	1% ropivacaine	Sufentanil vs Placebo	③④⑤⑥
Abdollahpour et al[10], 2015	75	Unclear	SA	Intrathecal	0.5% bupivacaine	Midazolam vs Sufentani vs Placebo	③⑤
He et al[7], 2017	90	22–28 °C	SA	Intrathecal	0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine	Dexmedetomidine vs Placebo	③④⑥
Nasseri et al[22], 2017	50	22–26 °C	SA	Intrathecal	0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine	Dexmedetomidine vs Placebo	③⑤⑥
de Figueiredo Locks et al[3], 2012	80	Unclear	SA	Intrathecal	0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine	Sufentanil vs Placebo	①
Rastegarian et al[9], 2013	100	Unclear	SA	Intrathecal	5% hyperbaric lidocaine	Pethidine vs Placebo	③④⑤⑥
Khan et al[6], 2011	72	21–23 °C	SA	Intrathecal	0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine	Pethidine vs Placebo	③⑤⑥
Hong et al[23], 2005	120	23–25 °C	CSEA	Intrathecal	0.5% bupivacaine	Morphine vs Pethidine vs Placebo	①
Agrawal et al[24], 2016	60	Unclear	SA	Intrathecal	0.3% bupivacaine	Morphine vs Fentanyl vs Placebo	③④⑤⑥
Hanoura et al[25], 2013	50	Unclear	CSEA	Extradural	0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine (intrathecal) 0.25% bupivacaine plus 100ug fentanyl (extradural)	Dexmedetomidine vs Placebo	③④⑤⑥
Anaraki et al[26], 2012	156	21–23°C	SA	Intrathecal	0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine	Pethidine vs Placebo	③④⑥
Bajwa et al[27], 2012	100	Unclear	SA	Intrathecal	0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine	Clonidine vs Placebo	③④
Bi et al[28], 2017	60	Unclear	CSEA	Intrathecal	0.5% bupivacaine	Dexmedetomidine vs Placebo	③④
Yousef et al[29], 2010	90	Unclear	CSEA	Extradural	0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine (intrathecal) 0.25% bupivacaine plus 100ug fentanyl (extradural)	Magnesium sulfate vs Placebo	③④⑤
Subedi et al[30], 2013	77	Unclear	SA	Intrathecal	0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine	Tramadol vs Fentanyl	④⑤⑥
Qian et al[31], 2008	80	Unclear	CSEA	Intrathecal	0.6% ropivacaine	Sufentanil vs Placebo	③④⑤⑥
Faiz et al[8], 2013	72	23–25 °C	SA	Intrathecal	0.5% bupivacaine	Magnesium sulfate vs Placebo	①
Sadegh et al[32], 2011	80	24 °C	SA	Intrathecal	0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine	Fentanyl vs Placebo	①②③⑤

SA: Spinal anesthesia; EA: Epidural anesthesia; CSEA: Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia; Outcomes: ① Shiver; ② Nausea; ③ Vomiting; ④ Pruritus; ⑤ Hypotension; ⑥ Bradycardia.