Vitamin K and hepatocellular carcinoma: The basic and clinic

Figure 1 The effects of vitamin K on the multiple signaling pathways and the cellular behavior of liver cancer cells. PKA: Protein kinase A; PKC: Protein kinase C; PKD: Protein kinase D; DCP: Des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin; SXR: Steroid and xenobiotic receptor; ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; IKK: IκB kinase; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-kappa B; MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase; HIF: Hypoxia-inducible factor; VK: Vitamin K; STAT: Signal transducer and activator of transcription; Bak: Bcl-2 antagonist killer 1.