Role of genetic polymorphisms in hepatitis C virus chronic infection

Table 3 Studies on the role of the polymorphisms influencing the vitamin D metabolism in hepatitis C virus chronic infection

Ref.	No. of	Country	Type of	Liver disease	Polymorphism	Outcome
	patients		study			Cirrhosis	SVR	HCC
Baur et al[142]	155	Switzerland	Cross-sectional	Chronic hepatitis	rs7975232		OR = 2.67 (95%CI: 1.24-5.70)14
					rs731236		OR = 6.05 (95%CI: 1.71-21.43)24
					rs1544410		No association (P = 0.085)
					CC/CC/AA3		OR = 2.50 (95%CI: 1.07-5.87)4
Baur et al[143]	223	Switzerland	Cross-sectional	185 chronic hepatitis	rs7975232	2.67 (95%CI: 1.29-5.51)1
				38 cirrhosis	rs731236	No association
					rs1544410	No association
					CC/CC/AA3	2.54 (95%CI: 1.07-6.01)
Falleti et al[141]	206	Italy	Cross-sectional	Chronic liver disease	rs7041 rs4588		OR = 0.164 (95%CI: 0.056-0.482)5
Falleti et al[140]	206	Italy	Cross-sectional	Chronic liver disease	rs10741657		1.778 (95%CI: 1.135-2.788)6
					rs7041		No association (P = 0.679)
					rs4588		No association(P = 0.458)
					rs10877012		No association (P = 0.422)
					VDPFA7		OR = 2.30 (95%CI: 1.02-5.22)8
García-Martín et al[144]	238	Spain	Cross-sectional	169 chronic hepatitis	rs2228570		0.438 (95%CI: 0.204-0.882)49
				33 cirrhosis	CC/CC/AA3		2.743 (95%CI: 1.313-5.731)4
				36 not assessed
Lange et al[139]	110	Germany	Case-control	Chronic liver disease	rs10877012		10/13 AA vs 27/41 AC and 24/56 CC (P < 0.05)
Lange et al[162]	5604	Germany, Switzerland, Japan	Case-control/retrospective cohort	1279 HCC	rs2282679			OR = 1.56 (95%CI: 1.12-2.15)10
				4325 chronic liver disease	rs7944926			OR = 1.56 (95%CI: 1.13-1.78)11
					rs1993116			No association (P = 0.07)12
								HR = 1.81 (95%CI: 1.03-3.13)13

¹CC vs CA + AA;

²AA + AG vs GG;

³CCA haplotype comprises rs1544410 (BsmI) C, rs7975232 (ApaI) C and rs731236 (TaqI) A alleles of VDR gene;

⁴OR for non-SVR;

⁵OR for non-SVR in WT vs non-WT; WT were patients carrying ≥ 3 major alleles (GG/CC, GT/CC and GG/CA);

⁶GG + GC vs CC;

⁷VDPFA (Vitamin D Pathway Functional Alleles) was constructed giving a value of 1 to the functional allele of each gene and a value of 0 to the other alleles. Thus, for each patient a VDPFA value ranging from 0 to 8 was obtained;

⁸VPDFA > 5 vs≤ 5;

⁹TT + TC vs CC;

¹⁰TT + TG vs GG, 2534 patients;

¹¹TT vs TC + CC, 2420 patients;

¹²5591 patients;

¹³GG vs GA + AA, 1657 patients. SVR: Sustained viral response; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.