Epidemiology, management, and economic evaluation of screening of gallstone disease among type 2 diabetics: A systematic review

Table 2 Incidence of gallstone disease in various populations

Ref.	Study year	Screened number	Setting	Incidence of gallstone	Associated factors
Festi et al[2]	2008	9611	Italy	0.67% (0.66% in males, 0.81% in females)	Risk factors: In men: increasing age, high BMI, history of diabetes, peptic ulcer and angina, and low cholesterol and high triglyceride levels; In females: increasing age and high BMI Predictors: In men: increasing age and pain in the right hypochondrium In females: increasing age
Halldestam et al[39]	2009	621	Sweden	1.39 per 100 person-years	Length of follow-up and LDL-cholesterol levels Inversely: alcohol consumption
Jonas et al[40]	2010	8901	Sweden	Surgical group: 122.2/10000 person-years controls: 22.2/10000 person-years	After antiobesity surgery (A fivefold increased risk)
Liu et al[25]	2012	108850 (60734 diabetic patients and 48116 control patients)	Taiwan	0.632% per year	Risk factor: increased age Associated: high body mass index, elevated fasting plasma glucose levels, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Chen et al[1]	2014	1296	Taiwan	0.632%	High body mass index, elevated fasting plasma glucose levels, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Heida et al[41]	2014	288	Dutch	5.9%	BMI

BMI: Body mass index; LDL: Low density lipoprotein.