Letters To The Editor
Copyright ©2014 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
World J Clin Cases. May 16, 2014; 2(5): 170-171
Published online May 16, 2014. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v2.i5.170
Table 1 Etiology of pneumomediastinum
Upper respiratory tract
Head and neck infections
Facial bone fractures
Dental procedures
Mucosal disruption
Tracheotomy
Lower respiratory airways
Chest trauma
Foreign body
Neoplasm
Alveolar rupture: trauma, biopsy, surgery, pleurotomy
Wind instrument playing
Scuba diving
Mechanical ventilation
Gastrointestinal tract
Pneumoperitoneum
Pneumoretroperitoneum
Esophageal perforation (e.g., Boerhaave’s syndrome)
Gas producing germs infection
Bacterial mediastinitis
Head and neck infections
Marijuana smoking and cocaine inhalation
Vomiting
Seizures
Coughing, sneezing, hiccupping
Heavy lifting
Air travel
Heimlich maneuver