Squamous cell carcinoma of the scrotum: A look beyond the chimneystacks

Table 1 Risk factors associated with scrotal squamous cell carcinoma

Occupations

Chimney sweepers, tar and paraffin workers, occupations with exposure to mineral and cutting oils, printing, metal working, car and aeroplane manufacture, car mechanics, commercial printing, aluminum worker, shale oil workers, pitch workers, engineering, steel production, cavalrymen

Carcinogenic metals

Arsenic, nickel, chromium

Chronic mechanical irritation

Chronic inflammatory states

Chronic lymphedema, infective and surgical scars

Lifestyle

Poor personal hygiene, smoking

Viruses

HPV

Ionizing Radiation

Iatrogenic

Coal tar, PUVA, radiotherapy, nitrogen mustard, Fowler’s solution

Immunosuppression

Acquired and inherited immunodeficiency, post transplant immunosuppression

HPV: Human papilloma virus; PUVA: Psoralens and ultraviolet A radiation.