Prognostic impact of hypernatremia for septic shock patients in the intensive care unit

Table 1 Baseline clinical characteristics, n (%)/mean ± SD/median (25^th-75^th percentiles)

Variable	IAH	Non-IAH	Normonatremia	P value
	(n = 62)	(n = 41)	(n = 54)
Age, years	66.20 ± 15.40	66.10 ± 16.90	65.30 ± 15.10	0.956
Sex (Female)	22 (35.48)	10 (24.39)	18 (33.33)	0.476
Comorbidities
Hypertension	31 (50.00)	23 (56.10)	24 (44.44)	0.530
Diabetes mellitus	16 (25.81)	9 (21.95)	10 (18.52)	0.611
CHD	4 (6.45)	1(2.44)	4 (7.41)	0.626
Cerebral infarction	10 (16.13)	6 (14.63)	3 (5.56)	0.186
SAE	20 (32.23)	24 (58.54)	13 (24.07)	0.002
Laboratory parameters
K+, mmol/L	3.89 ± 0.62	3.92 ± 0.83	4.17 ± 0.74	0.078
Ca2+, mmol/L	1.08 (1.04, 1.17)	1.08 (1.02, 1.20)	1.09 (1.06, 1.12)	0.895
Cl-, mmol/L	102.85 (98.03, 106.03)	103.20 (98.50, 112.05)	100.30 (96.63, 104.03)	0.019
SCr, µmol/L	148.50 (91.30, 214.73)	116.80 (73.85, 190.10)	113.55 (72.00, 297.38)	0.524
BUN/SCr	216.23 (149.83, 264.87)	267.56 (194.18, 371.69)	185.06 (133.73, 250.25)	0.001
BUN, mmol/L	18.90 (11.15, 25.88)	20.81 (13.20, 29.55)	15.00 (11.43, 24.14)	0.185
ALB, g/L	26.23 ± 5.55	27.55 ± 3.71	27.52 ± 5.40	0.290
Serum prealbumin, mg/L	68.35 (50.55, 100.45)	63.40 (38.45, 86.55)	81.20 (63.68, 118.38)	0.042
PCT, ng/mL	11.29 (3.40, 50.00)	9.87 (3.18, 31.61)	14.58 (2.40, 34.00)	0.964
WBC, 109/L	19.12 ± 11.12	18.47 ± 9.41	21.31 ± 11.34	0.387
CRP, mg/L	191.49 ± 92.02	206.49 ± 86.19	166.42 ± 84.56	0.083
Lym, 109/L	0.34 (0.20, 0.53)	0.35 (0.20, 0.62)	0.40 (0.21, 0.63)	0.765
NT-proBNP, ng/L	2673 (806, 8020)	4221 (635, 14221)	3220 (912, 10625)	0.720
Myo, ng/mL	329 (146, 575)	706 (316, 1952)	259 (120, 630)	0.008
Body temperature max, °C	38.15 (37.40, 38.60)	37.80 (37.50, 38.40)	37.50 (37.20, 38.10)	0.017
Delirium	12 (19.35)	9 (21.95)	8 (14.81)	0.657
Interventions
MV	45 (72.58)	34 (82.93)	27 (50.00)	0.002
CRRT	24 (38.71)	18 (43.90)	18 (33.33)	0.573
Clinical scores
GCS score	6.00 (5.00, 10.00)	5.00 (3.00, 6.00)	6.50 (3.00, 9.75)	0.109
APACHE II score	17.49 ± 5.52	21.72 ± 6.40	16.38 ± 8.30	0.001
qSOFA score	1 (1, 2)	2 (1, 2)	2 (1, 2)	0.239
SOFA score	10.31 ± 3.98	10.64 ± 4.08	9.48 ± 5.41	0.444
SIRS	56 (90.32)	36 (87.80)	50 (92.59)	0.498
Pathogenic
G+ bacteria	7 (11.29)	2 (4.88)	10 (18.52)	0.126
G- bacteria	31 (50.00)	29 (70.73)	19 (35.19)	0.003
Fungi	5 (8.06)	3 (7.32)	8 (14.81)	0.380
G+ and G- bacteria, n (%)	4 (6.45)	1 (2.44)	2 (3.70)	0.594
G+ bacteria and fungi, n (%)	1 (1.61)	0 (0.00)	1 (1.85)	0.695
G- bacteria and fungi	3 (4.84)	1 (2.44)	2 (3.70)	0.823
Time
ICU LOS, days	16.50 (8.75, 26.75)	12.00 (5.00, 25.50)	5.00 (2.00, 12.00)	< 0.001
LOS outside the ICU, days	0.00 (0.00, 9.00)	0.00 (0.00, 7.00)	2.00 (0.00, 11.25)	0.155
Died within 14 days	22 (35.48)	22 (53.66)	20 (37.04)	0.146

IAH: ICU-acquired hypernatremia; ICU: Intensive care unit; CHD: Coronary heart disease; SAE: Sepsis-associated encephalopathy; SCr: Serum creatinine; BUN/SCr: Urea-to-creatinine ratio; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; ALB: Serum albumin; PCT: Procalcitonin; WBC: White blood cell counts; CRP: C-reactive protein; Lym: Lymphocytes; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; Myo: Myoglobin; MV: Mechanical ventilation; CRRT: Continuous renal replacement therapy; GCS: Glasgow coma scale; APACHE II: Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II; qSOFA: Quick sequential organ failure assessment; SOFA: Sequential organ failure assessment; SIRS: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome; LOS: Length of stay.