Cerebral fat embolism following autologous fat injection in facial reconstruction: A case report

Table 1 Cases of cerebral fat embolism following facial injections

Ref.	Year	Country	Age(years)	Anesthesia	Dose (mL)	Injection site	Infarction artery/site	Treatment	Outcomes
Cheng et al[10]	2023	China	31	General	0.6	Temples and tear troughs	Left internal carotid artery, anterior cerebral artery, and middle cerebral artery	Decompressive craniectomy and provided symptomatic and supportive treatments	Death
Qian et al[11]	2021	China	28	General	77	Temple, forehead, and cheeks	Frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes and the basal ganglia	Dehydration, infection prophylaxis, gastric protection, and seizure prophylaxis	Mild improvement
Lee et al[12]	2011	Korea	44	Intravenous	NR	Periocular	MCA	Ocular massage, carbon dioxide, and oxygen therapy	Vision loss
Liu et al[13]	2021	China	18	Local	NR	Temporal region	ECA and ICA	Decompressive craniectomy	Death
Kang et al[14]	2016	Korea	32	Local	NR	Glabella	ACA and MCA	Thrombolytic agents	Vision loss and neurological deficits mildly improved
Wang et al[15]	2014	China	22	General	49	Temporal and frontal	ECA and ICA	Mannitol and decompressive craniectomy	Vision loss and neurological deficits mildly improved
Zhou et al[16]	2019	China	22	Local	50	Temporal region	ICA and MCA	Embolectomy	Incomplete cure
Miao et al[17]	2021	China	22	General	10	Temporal region	Posterior cerebral artery and MCA	Decompressive craniectomy, mannitol, vasoactive drugs, ceftriaxone, and methylprednisolone	Incomplete cure
Hong et al[18]	2014	Korea	31	General	NR	Glabella	MCA	Ocular massage, anterior chamber paracentesis, and volume expansion	Vision loss
Liu et al[19]	2018	China	47	NR	NR	Jaw	ECA and MCA	Thrombolytic agents, antiplatelet aggregation, and reduce intracranial pressure	Incomplete cure
Wang et al[20]	2018	China	22	Local	NR	Temporal region	MCA and superficial temporal artery	Decompressive craniectomy	Incomplete cure
	2018	China	30	Local	NR	Temporal region	Right hemisphere, superficial temporal artery	Decompressive craniectomy	Left limbs paralysis
Lee et al[21]	1996	Korea	42	Local	0.5	Nasolabial groove	NR	NR	NR
Renard et al[22]	2019	France	50	Local	NR	Right eye	MCA and ACA	NR	NR
Lee et al[23]	2012	Korea	26	Local	NR	Face	Right parietal lobe	Steroids	NR
Thaunat et al[24]	2004	France	39	Local	17	Temporal, eyelids, and glabella	ACA	NR	Mutism and paraplegia
Lu et al[25]	2021	China	35	NR	NR	Temporal region	Left frontal and parietal cortices	Intravenous thrombolysis	Mild improvement
Yoon et al[26]	2003	Korea	39	Local	5	Glabella	ICA	Mechanical ventilation and steroids	Death
Ji et al[27]	2018	China	30	NR	NR	Bilateral temporal regions	ICA and ECA	Embolectomy	Death
Ji et al[27]	2018	China	23	NR	NR	Bilateral temporal regions	Left frontal and parietal lobes	Antiplatelet drugs and oxygen therapy	Vision loss

ACA: Anterior cerebral artery; ECA: External carotid artery; ICA: Internal carotid artery; MCA: Middle cerebral artery; NR: Not reported.